LESSON 1

Quarter 2, Lesson 1

Perfect square and perfect cube

Square root and cube root
Irrational numbers (involving
square root and cube root)
Roots and Radicals

The simplest types of radicals are

square roots and cube roots.
Radicals beyond square roots and
cube roots exist, but we will not
discuss them as in depth.
Roots and Radicals

The rules for radicals that you

will learn work for all radicals –
not just square roots and cube
roots.
Roots and Radicals

The symbol used to indicate a

root is the radical symbol -
Roots and Radicals

Every radical expression has

three parts…
• Radical symbol
• Index
• Radicand
Roots and Radicals

Every radical expression has

three parts… Radical

Index 2
49
Radicand
Roots and Radicals

The index of a radical is a whole

number greater than or equal to 2.
Roots and Radicals

The index of a square root is

always 2.
Roots and Radicals

By convention, an index of 2 is
not written since it is the smallest
possible index.
Roots and Radicals

The square root of 49 could

2
be written as 49 …
but is normally written as 49 .
Roots and Radicals
plural of index

All indices greater than 2 must be

written.
The index of a cube root is
always 3.
Roots and Radicals

The cube root of 64 is written as

3
64 .
Roots and Radicals

What does square root mean?

What does cube root mean?
Roots and Radicals

The square root of a number (or

expression) is another number (or
expression)…

…which when multiplied by itself

(squared) gives back the original
number (or expression).
Roots and Radicals

The cube root of a number (or

expression) is another number (or
expression) …

…which when multiplied by itself three

times (cubed) gives back the original
number (or expression).
Roots and Radicals

Example:
2
49  7 because 7 7  7  49

Also
because  7  7    7   49
2
49   7
Roots and Radicals

Example:

49 has two answers:

7 is called the positive or principal
square root.
-7 is called the negative square root.
 Intermediate Algebra MTH04

Roots and Radicals

Example:
3
3
64  4 because 4 4 4  4  64

3
 64   4 because
 4 4 4   4   64
3
Roots and Radicals

What are the first 10 whole numbers

that are perfect squares?
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100

Roots and Radicals

What are the first 10 whole numbers

that are perfect cubes?
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000
Roots and Radicals

If a number is a perfect square, then you

can find its exact square root.

A perfect square is simply a number (or

expression) that can be written as the
square [raised to 2 power] of another
nd

number (or expression).

Roots and Radicals
principal square root
Examples:
2
16  4 16  4
2
25  5 25  5
2
1.44 1.2 1.44 1.2
2
9 3 9 3
  
121  11  121 11
Roots and Radicals

Examples: principal square root

36b  6b 
2 2 2
36b  6b
6
m m  
3 2 6
m m 3
Roots and Radicals

If a number is a perfect cube, then you can

find its exact cube root.
A perfect cube is simply a number (or
expression) that can be written as the cube
[raised to 3 power] of another number (or
rd

expression).
Roots and Radicals
principal cube root
Examples: 64  4 3 3
64  4
125  5 3 3
125  5
3
1.728 1.2 3
1.728 1.2
3
216  6  216 6
  3 
125  5  125 5
Roots and Radicals

Examples: principal cube root

8c  2c 
3 3 3 3
8c  2c

m  m
6

2 3 3 6
m m 2

 27 y 12

  3y 
4 3 3
 27 y 12
 3y 4
Roots and Radicals

Not all numbers or expressions have

an exact square root or cube root as
in the previous examples.
Roots and Radicals
If a number is NOT a perfect square, then
you CANNOT find its exact square root.
If a number is NOT a perfect cube, then
you CANNOT find its exact cube root.

You can approximate these square roots

and cube roots of real numbers with a
calculator.
Roots and Radicals
Examples:
40  6.325
135  11 .619
3
40  3.42
3
74  4.198
Roots and Radicals

If a number is NOT a perfect square, then

you might also be able to SIMPLIFY it.

What is the process to simplify a square root?

Roots and Radicals

If the expression is not a perfect square ...

1. see if you can rewrite the expression as
a product of two smaller factors...
2. where one of the factors is a perfect
square.
Roots and Radicals

3. Then, extract the the square root of

the factor that is a perfect square …
4. and multiply that answer times the
other factor still under the radical
symbol.
Roots and Radicals
Examples – Simplifying Square Roots: perfect square

40  4 10  2 10
135  9 15  3 15
7 6 3
50x  25 x 2 x  5 x 2x
Roots and Radicals

If a number is NOT a perfect cube, then

you might also be able to SIMPLIFY it.

What is the process to simplify a cube root?

Roots and Radicals

If the expression is not a perfect cube ...

1.see if you can rewrite the expression as a

product of two smaller factors...

2. where one of the factors is a perfect cube.

Roots and Radicals

3.Then, extract the the cube root of the

factor that is a perfect cube…
4.and multiply that answer times the
other factor still under the radical
symbol.
Roots and Radicals
Examples – Simplifying Cube Roots: perfect cube

3
80  3
8 10  2 10
3

3
405  3
27 15  3 153

23 2
3
24x  8 x 3 x  2 x
8 3 6 2
3x
Roots and Radicals

Not all square roots can be simplified!

Example: 77
cannot be simplified!
• 77 is not a perfect square …
• and it does not have a factor
that is a perfect square.
Roots and Radicals

Not all cube roots can be simplified!

3
Example: 30
cannot be simplified!
• 30 is not a perfect cube …
• and it does not have a factor
that is a perfect cube.
 Irrational
Numbers
• If the radicand of a square root is not a
perfect square, then it is considered an
irrational number.
• If the radicand of a cube root is not a
perfect cube, then it is an irrational
number.
• These numbers cannot be written as a
fraction because the decimal does not
end (or non-terminating) and does not
 Irrational
Numbers

Every radical expression has

three parts… Radical

Index 2
49
Radicand
 Squares &
Square Roots
Estimating Square Root
 Estimating
Square Roots

25 = ?
 Estimating
Square Roots

25 = 5
 Estimating
Square Roots

49 = ?
 Estimating
Square Roots

49 = 7
 Estimating
Cube Roots

3
64 = ?
 Estimating
Cube Roots

3
64 = 4
 Estimating
Square Roots

27 = ?
 Estimating
Square Roots

27 = ?
Since 27 is not a perfect square,
we
have to use another method to
calculate it’s square root.
 Estimating
Square Roots
Not all numbers are perfect
squares.
Not every number has an
Integer for a square root.
We have to estimate
square roots for numbers
between perfect squares.
 Estimating
Square Roots
To calculate the square root
of a non-perfect square

1. Place the values of the

adjacent perfect squares on
a number line.

2. Interpolate between the

points to estimate to the
 Estimating
Square Roots
In plotting an irrational
number involving square
root or cube root on a
number line, estimate first
the square root or cube root
of the given irrational
number and to which two
consecutive integers it lies
in between.
 Estimating Square Roots
 For example, to locate and plot √3 on the number
line, we identify two perfect squares nearest to
the radicand 3. These are 1 and 4. So, √3 is
between 1 and 2 (the square roots of 1 and 4,
respectively). Since, 3 is closer to 4 than to 1, √3
is closer to 2.
 Locate and plot the following square
roots and cube roots on a number
line:
Example 1: 27

half
5 6

25 30 35 36
27
Estimate 27 = 5.2
 Locate and plot the following square
roots and cube roots on a number
line:

Example 1: 27

Example 2: 90
3

Example 3: 20

Example 4: 75
 Estimating
Square Roots
Example: 27
What are the perfect squares on
each side of 27?

25 30 35 36
 Estimating
Square Roots
Example: 27

half
5 6

25 30 35 36
27
Estimate 27 = 5.2
 Example: 90
What are the perfect squares on
each side of 90?

81 90 100
 Example: 90

half
9 10

81 90 100

Estimate 90 = 9.5
 Locate and plot the following square
roots and cube roots on a number
line:

Example 1: 27

Example 2: 90
3

Example 3: 20

Example 4: 75
 Locate and plot the following square
roots and cube roots on a number
line:

Example 1: 27 5.2

Example 2: 90 9.5
3

Example 3: 20 2.7

Example 4: 75 4.2
 CLASSWORK
ANSWER PAGE
QUARTER 2, LESSON
1, PAGES 8-11
Roots and Radicals
The Rules (Properties)
Multiplication Division
a a
a  b  a b 
b b

b may not be equal to 0.

Roots and Radicals
The Rules (Properties)
Multiplication Division
3
a a
3
a  b  a b
3 3
3
3
b b
b may not be equal to 0.
Roots and Radicals
Examples:
Multiplication Division

3  3  3 3 96 96

 9 3 6 6
 16  4
Roots and Radicals
Examples:
Multiplication Division
3
3
5  16  5 16
3 3
270 3 270

 80
3 3
5 5
 8 10
3  54  27 2
3 3

 8  10
3 3  27  2
3 3

2 10 3 3 2 3
Roots and Radicals
To add or subtract square roots or
cube roots...
• simplify each radical
• add or subtract LIKE radicals by
adding their coefficients.
Two radicals are LIKE if they have the same
expression under the radical symbol.
Roots and Radicals
Examples:

3 6  4 6 7 6

2 11  6 11   4 11
3 3 3
Roots and Radicals
Example:

12  5 3  4 3  5 3
2 3  5 3
7 3
Roots and Radicals
Example:

 3  40  135  7
3 3

 3  8 5 
3 3
27 5  7
 32 5  3 5 7
3 3

4 3
5
Roots and Radicals
Conjugates

Radical conjugates are two expressions of

the form a  b c and a  b c .

Conjugates have the property that when

you multiply them, you get a rational
number – the radical is gone.
Roots and Radicals
Example – Conjugates:

5  3 7 5  3 7   25  15 7  15 7  9 49
 25  9 7
 25  63
  38
Roots and Radicals
Rationalizing the Denominator

The process of removing a radical from

the denominator of a fraction is called
rationalizing the denominator.
Roots and Radicals
Rationalizing the Denominator
To do this, multiply the fraction with the radical
in the denominator by “1” as a fraction where
the numerator and denominator are either:
• the radical factor that will produce a perfect
square in the denominator radical or
• the expression that is the conjugate of the
denominator of the fraction to be rationalized.
Roots and Radicals
Examples:
4 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 6
    
6 6 6 36 6 3

10 10 3
4 2 3
10 42 3 2
10 4 3 2
10 4 3
5 4 2
     
3
4 3
4 3
4 2 3 3
4 4 2 3
4 3 4 2
Roots and Radicals
Example:
3

3

2  10

 3 2  10  
2  10 2  10 2  10 2  10 2  10   


 3 2  10    32  10 
2
2  10 2 4  10



 3 2  10


2  10
6 2
Roots and Radicals
Solving Radical Equations
A radical equation is simply one that has a
radical term that contains a variable.

Example: c 2  5
Roots and Radicals
To solve a radical equation
• Get the radical term by itself on one side of the
equation.
• Square both sides of the equation.
• Finish solving for the variable, if needed.
• Check your solution. This is critical when solving
radical equations.
Roots and Radicals
Example:
c 2  5
c 3

 c 2
3 2

c 9
Roots and Radicals
Example: 2x  3 7   2
2x  3  5
 2x  3  2
5 2

2 x  3  25
2 x  28
x 14
LESSON 1
 Vocabulary
 Perfect Square - the number of square Check List. units
that can form a square. Something here.
 Perfect Cube - the number of cube Something
units that
else
here
can form a cube. And a third thing
 The square root of the area of the here.
square
Duplicate the
(perfect square) is the length of the side of the
check mark.

square. And the check

boxes.
 The cube root of the volume of a cube (perfect
cube) is the length of each side of the cube.
 Perfect Square
and Square Root
When a number n is multiplied by
itself, such as when we compute the
area of a square, we write and read

the square of n. That is, if = 𝑚, then

it “n squared”. The result is called
Type something here.
m is a square of n and m is a perfect
square.
 Activity
Complete the following table to show the
squares of the whole numbers.
Number
0
Type something here.
1 2 3 4 5
Type something here.
6 7 8 9
Type something here.
10
Square
Type something here. Type something here. Type something here.

Number
11 12
Type something here.
13 14 15 16
Type something here.
17 18Type 19 20
something here.
21
Square

Type something here. Type something here. Type something here.

Number
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
SquareType something here. Type something here. Type something here.
 Activity
Complete the following table to show the
squares of the whole numbers.
Number
0
Type something here.
1 2 3 4 5
Type something here.
6 7 8 9 10
Type something here.

Square
0
Type something here.
1 4 9Type something
16 here.
25 36 49Type something
64 81 here.
100
Number
11 12
Type something here.
13 14 15 16
Type something here.
17 18 19 20
Type something here.
21
Square
121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400 441
Type something here. Type something here. Type something here.
Number
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
484 here.
SquareType something 529 576 625 676 here.
Type something 729 784 841Type900 961
something here. 1024
 Activity
Complete the following table to show the
squares of the whole numbers.
SQUARE
ROOTS 0 1
Type something here.
2 3 4 5
Type something here.
6 7 8 9 10
Type something here.

here. 100
Squares
0 here.1
Type something 4 9Type something
16 here.
25 36 49Type something
64 81
SQUARE
11 12
ROOTSType something here.
13 14 15 16
Type something here.
17 18Type 19 20
something here.
21
Square
121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400 441
Type something here. Type something here. Type something here.
SQUARE
ROOTS
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
SquareType something
484 529here.
576 Type something here.
625 676 729 784 841 900 961 Type something here. 1024
 REMEMBE
Sometimes, we will need R
to look at the relationship
between numbers and their squares in reverse.
effect
cause #1
For example: Because = 100, we say 100 is the
square of 10. We also say that 10 is the square root
effect
of 100. #2

A number whose square is m is called a square root

effect

The symbol, √𝑚, is read “the square root of m”,

of m. #3

where m is called the radicand, and √⬚ is called

the radical sign.
 Squares &
Square Roots
Perfect Squares
Square Number
Also called a “perfect
square”
A number that is the
square of a whole number
Can be represented by
arranging objects in a
square.
Square Numbers
 Square Numbers
1x1=1
2x2=4
3x3=9
4x4=
16
 Square Numbers
1x1=1
2x2=4
3x3=9
 4 x 4 = 16
Activity:
Calculate the perfect
squares up to 15 …
2
 Square Numbers
1x1=1  9 x 9 = 81
2x2=4  10 x 10 =
3x3=9 100
 4 x 4 = 16  11 x 11 =
 5 x 5 = 25 121
 6 x 6 = 36  12 x 12 =

 7 x 7 = 49 144
 13 x 13 =
 8 x 8 = 64
169
 Activity:
Identify the following
numbers as perfect squares
or not.
1) 16
2) 15
3) 146
4) 300
5) 324
6) 729
 Activity:
Identify the following
numbers as perfect squares
or not.
1) 16 = 4 x 4
2) 15
3) 146
4) 300
5) 324 = 18 x 18
6) 729 = 27 x 27
 Squares &
Square Roots
Square Root
 Square Numbers
One property of a
perfect square is that it
can be represented by a
4cm square array.
Each small square in the
4cm 16 cm2 array shown has a side
length of 1cm.
The large square has a
side length of 4 cm.
 Square Numbers
The large square has an
area of 4cm x 4cm = 16
4cm cm2.

4cm 16 cm2 The number 4 is called

the square root of 16.

We write: 4= 16
 Square Root
A number which, when
multiplied by itself, results
in another number.

Ex: 5 is the square root of

25.

5 = 25
 Finding Square
Roots
We can use the following
strategy to find a square
root of a large number.

4x9 = 4 x 9
36 = 2 x 3
6 = 6
 Finding Square
Roots
4x9 = 4 9
36 = 2 x 3
6 = 6
We can factor large
perfect squares into
smaller perfect squares to
simplify.
 Finding Square
Roots
Activity: Find the square root of
256
256
= 4 x 64
=2 x 8
= 16
Roots and Radicals

Radicals (also called roots) are

directly related to exponents.
 THANK
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B J

Final
Something
C Round! Something
Something
H
L
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D L

YOU!
Something Something
E M

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F N

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G O

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H P
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