Materi kuliah GD3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II-2010/2011

Chapter 3

Imaging Devices
and its Platforms
Compiled & developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir., M.Sc.
[email protected]

KK Inderaja & Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Contents (Chapter 3)
• Introduction
• Metric (Film) Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Small- and Medium-Format Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Auxiliary Devices for Aerial Mapping Cameras
• Camera Calibration
• Platforms for Photogrammetric Sensing Systems
• Digital Aerial Cameras
• Problems
• References
• Tugas No.
 Contents (Chapter 3A)
• Introduction
• Metric (Film) Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Small- and Medium-Format Cameras for Aerial Mapping
• Auxiliary Devices for Aerial Mapping Cameras
 Contents (Chapter 3B)
• Camera Calibration
• Platforms for Photogrammetric Sensing Systems
Materi kuliah GD3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II-2010/2011

Chapter 3C

Imaging Devices
and its Platforms
Compiled & developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir., M.Sc.
[email protected]

KK Inderaja & Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Contents (Chapter 3C)
• Digital Aerial Cameras (part 1)
 Topics Discussed
 Statement on history of development of digital cameras (part 1)
 Requirements for development of digital aerial cameras
 Two solutions in development of digital aerial cameras
– Pushbroom system
 Leica Geosystems ADS40
– Multiple frame cameras
 Intergraph DMC
 Vexcel UltraCam (part 2 / Chapter 3D)
D
 DiMAC (part 3 / Chapter 3E)

 Characteristics of Digital Aerial Images

 Reported Experiences with Digital Cameras
 Advantages of digital cameras
 Unresolved questions
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
• General Functionality of Electronic Imaging Systems
• High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
• Comparison Film-based and CCD Cameras

DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL
CAMERAS
 Development of Digital Cameras
 Steve Sasson (Kodak) developed the first digital camera 30 years
ago
 Based on small CCD sensors from Fairchild Corporation with
100x100 pixels.
 Now 20-25 years on, digital cameras have adequate resolution and
size to match the quality of film cameras
 Sasson states that film will still be used for photography for some
niche areas
 Digital imaging will largely replace film for almost all applications –
[but how much for aerial photography?]
 Future developments in photography are hard to predict, but
almost limitless.
 There are more uses for images and more images being taken than
ever before.

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
 High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
 Digital photogrammetry has developed significantly over the past
15 years
 Include efficient software for the production of DEMs, orthophotos
and vector mapping
 Development of digital aerial cameras has taken time, due to
demands of:
– Large area coverage
– High spatial resolution – of the order of 400Mpixels or GSD of 10cm to 20cm
– High geometric accuracy
– Efficient management of TBytes of image data during imaging

 It is expected that developments will take advantage of the

characteristics of digital technologies

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM

Comparison of film-based and CCD Cameras (1)

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

Comparison of film-based and CCD Cameras (2)

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM

Comparison of film-based and CCD Cameras (3)

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

• Hardware Components of Digital Cameras
• High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
• Digital Aerial Camera Concepts

DIGITAL AERIAL CAMERA CONCEPTS

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM
 High Resolution Digital Aerial Cameras
 Two solutions for development of digital aerial camera now
available
– Three linear arrays look forward, vertically and backwards to
form three separate images as the aircraft moves over the
terrain surface.
 Images not perspective projections
 System must include GPS/INS
– Images from smaller area arrays are stitched together to form a
larger frame image, which will have similar dimensions to a
frame aerial film camera
 Images will be perspective projections
 No GPS/INS system required

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 Camera Concepts
ADS40

Single lens sensor with 10 channels generates endless pixel carpets

DMS UltraCam

Multi lens sensors with up to eight lenses generates patchwork frames

 Digital Camera Concepts

digital frames

pixel carpets
Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM
• Leica ADS40 / ADS80

THREE LINEAR ARRAYS CAMERAS

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 Three-line Pushbroom Scanner
Backward scene Nadir scene Forward scene

composed composed composed

of backward view lines of nadir view lines of forward view lines
Backward

Nadir

Forward

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM

Data Acquisition by LEICA Geosystems
ADS40

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 Push-broom Sensors
 The geometry of the complete image is not a perspective
projection. Hence, special software is required.
 GPS/IMU system is essential to determine the camera exterior
orientation (positions and attitude) during flight – extra cost
 Linear arrays are less subject to loss of pixels
 If bad pixels do occur, fewer pixels available to interpolate lost data
 Linear arrays are claimed to have larger dynamic range
 Linear arrays in principle are more suited to smaller scale
imaging because of motion of the aircraft.
 Linear array systems have recently demonstrated GSD of 5 cm
 Most linear array systems enable the acquisition of only 3 images
per point along-track, but multiple imaging is possible across-track

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM

 ADS40 Image
Unrectified Rectified

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 Leica Geosystems ADS40 vs Wehrli 3-DAS-1
Focal length 62.5 mm 110mm (or 80mm)
Pixel size (pitch) 6.5 m 9 m
Panchromatic line 2 * 12000 pixel (staggered) 3 * 8023 pixels
RGB and NIR line 12000 pixels n/a
FoV (across track) 46° 36°
Stereo angle forward to nadir 26° 26°
Stereo angle forward to backward 42° - B/H=0.77 42° - B/H=0.77
Stereo angle nadir to backward 16° 16°
Dynamic range 12-bit 14-bits
Ground sample distance 16 cm at 3000 m altitude 18cm at 2200m
Swath width (3000 m Altitude) 3.75 km 3.75km at 2200m

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM

Leica ADS80

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 (Sensor Spotlight)

(Leica ADS80)

Leica ADS80
System (Leica PAV 80 Gyro Stabilized
Mount)

Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM

 Leica RCD 100
Medium-Format
Mapping Camera

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 Intergraph DMC (Digital Mapping Camera)
 Vexcel Ultracam
 DiMAC (Digital Modular Aerial Camera)

MULTIPLE FRAME CAMERAS

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 Multiple Frame Cameras
 The images have the same perspective geometry as normal
aerial images
 No GPS/IMU system is required
 There are many more neighbouring pixels from which to
interpolate new pixel values for the erroneous data
 Array imaging enables aerial triangulation of multiple
redundant frame images leading to high geometric accuracy
 If a high quality GPS/IMU system is installed for direct
orientation, aerial triangulation may be avoided

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

 INTERGRAPH DMC

Imaging Devices and its Platforms, SHM

Intergraph DMC Camera System
 4 se p a ra te c a m e ra
he a d s

C a m e ra he a d s

Are a s c o ve re d b y e a c h c a m e ra 2D vie w o f two c a m e ra he a d s

06/06/2025 01:50 PM Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM 35

 Image Processing
4 overlapping images image mosaicing
• apply camera calibration
parameters
• apply platform calibration

• tie point check

• robust adjustment
• projection to virtual perspective
• fusion with colour composite
tie point area
 Combination of Sub-images to Create Single Virtual Image

3D-combination of sub-images

Bundle adjustment of
sub-image one sub-image to the
other based on tie
points
ag e
a l im
virtu
Generation of virtual image including
geometric corrections  virtually image
distortion free
06/06/2025 01:50 PM Digital Aerial Cameras, SHM 37
 Sample Image

Test flight Germany Feb 2002

Flying Height = 150m
GSD = 1.5cm
Velocity ~ 140 kts (70 m/sec)
Exposure time = 1/100 sec
FMC Shift ~ 50 pixels
Sample Image

Checkered Tablecloth
Grid Size ~ 2 inches
 Pan-Sharpening

Panchromatic Original Color Pan-sharpened

Color
 Conclusions from Accuracy Tests
 Geometric accuracy better than analog camera
 Less favorable B/H ratio is compensated
 Excellent height accuracy
 Potential to fly at higher altitudes with fewer
strips
Intergraph DMC vs Vexcel UltraCam (1)
Intergraph (formerly
Multiple Frame Cameras Z/I Imaging) DMC Vexcel UltraCam

Simultaneous Panchromatic - Syntopic data

acquisition of 4 frames acquisition of 9 frames with
camera at identical positions
- 7k x 4k
Pixel size (pitch) 12 μm 9 μm
69.3° cross track x 42° 55° cross track x 37°
along track along track
Field of View B/H=0.30 for 60% o’lap B/H=0.27 for 60% o’lap
B/H=0.60 for 20% o’lap B/H=0.50 for 20% o’lap

Panchromatic images
Lens f = 120mm / f4 f = 100mm / f5.6
7,680 x 13,824 pixels 7,500 (flight direction)
Final output x 11,500 pixels
 Intergraph DMC vs Vexcel UltraCam (2)
Multiple Frame Cameras Intergraph (formerly Vexcel UltraCam
Z/I Imaging) DMC

Multi-spectral images
Lens f = 25 mm f = 28 mm / f4
Colours B, G, R, IR, alternate IR R, G, B, IR
Shutters and f-stop 1/50 – 1/300s, f4-f22 1/60 - 1/500s, f
Radiometric resolution 12-bit Better than 12-bit
Ground sampling distance 5cm @ 500m 3cm @ 300m
FMC yes yes
 Materi kuliah GD3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II-2010/2011

End of Chapter 3C, to be continued to Chapter 3D

Imaging Devices
and its Platforms
Compiled & developed by
Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir., M.Sc.
[email protected]

KK Inderaja & Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
 Contents (Chapter 3D)
• Digital Aerial Cameras (part 2)
 Contents (Chapter 3E)
• Digital Aerial Cameras (part 3)
• Problems
• References
• Tugas No.