NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

1
 VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer

X Y HP
X

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY. 2
Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants
a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER

Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
t is a view on
VP. But as Tv a
is a view on Hp,
t is rotated
downward 900,
n clockwise
Direction (in 1st
quadrant).The a
n front part of
Hp comes below
xy line. HP
HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER

The HP behind the

Vp is also rotated
clockwise, and a
herefore a’
comes above the xy A a’
ine. POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3RD QUADRANT VP 4TH QUADRANT
Observe and VP
note the
process.
Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise 3
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THE 4 QUADRANTS
V V
P P V
HP V P
P PF P
PF P

PT

HP HP

PT
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT POINT IN 1st
PT: TOP VIEW QUADRANT
HP
PF: FRONT
VIEW
POINT IN 3rd POINT IN 4th QUADRANT
QUADRANT PT

HP
HP HP
V HP V
P PT P

PF
P PF
P
4
V V
 How you will draw on the sheet
PF PF
PT

x y x y

PT

POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT POINT IN 1st

QUADRANT

PT
x y
x y PT: TOP VIEW
PF: FRONT PT
VIEW
PF PF

POINT IN 3rd POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

5
QUADRANT
 PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv For Tv

For Tv
A
a’ a’
F or
A Fv
Y Y
Y F or
Fv a a’
a
X a X X A F or
Fv

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP

a’ a’

X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a

a a

HP HP HP 6
 Projection of lines, planes, solids

•Line – consists of 2 points

•Plane – consists of 3 or more points
•Solid – consists of more than 3 points

Therefore in order to project lines, planes and

solids, we need to project their corresponding
points and join them

7
 PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - FV & TV.

INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE:

IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.

4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.

5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.

8
 For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
. A Showing True Length Fv
1. V.P FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
to Hp B For
Fv

& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X

H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
.
A Line V.P F.V
.
b’ &
B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp For
Fv
b a b
Tv
X V.
T.
a
H.P.
9
 Fv inclined to xy V.P.
True Length Tv parallel to xy. b’
3. .
V.P
b’
.
F.V
A Line inclined to Hp B

V.


F.
a’
and  Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A
a b
b T.V.
.
X T.V
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections

Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
.
V.P . b’ a’ Fv b’
A Line inclined to Vp F.V
and a’
Ø
parallel to Hp A B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø

Ø Tv
a b
T.V.
b
True Length H.P.
10
 For Tv
For Tv
5.A
Line inclined to both
Hp and Vp b’
b’ .
. V.P
V.P (Pictorial presentation)
B

.
B

F.V
.
F.V


 Y
Y
On removal of object a’ For
a’ For F
Fv i.e. Line AB v
Fv as a image on Vp.
A
A Tv as a image on Hp,

 X
X a T.V. b
a T.V. b
V.P.
b’
NOTE: a and b are FV
NOT the true angles a’ 
(inclinations) of the line
with the planes X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is rotated a  (No view is parallel to xy)
900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths.
Hence it comes below xy. TV (No view shows True Length)

H.P. b
11
 PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity
It has length and width but no thickness
For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane
A plane which has limited extent (has fixed shape) is termed as a lamina

Information usually given:

1. Shape of the plane
2. Inclination of it’s surface with one of the reference planes
3. Inclination of one of it’s edges with the other reference plane will be given

12
 CASE OF A RECTANGLE – OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS.

SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP SURFACE INCLINED TO HP ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO VP

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION PICTORIAL PRESENTATION PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

For T.V.
For Tv
For T.V.

F or Fo
For Fv r
F.V F.V
. .

ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC

TV-True Shape FV- Inclined to XY FV- Apparent Shape
FV- Line // to xy TV- Reduced Shape TV-Previous Shape
d’ VP
VP VP
c’ d1 ’ c1’

a’ d’ a1’ b1 ’
b’ c’ a’ ’
b
d1
a d a1 d1
c1
b c b1 c1 a1
HP A HP B HP
C
13
b1
 Center lines
Drawn to indicate the axis of cylindrical, conical or spherical
objects or details.

Thin long chains composed of alternately long and short dashes.

Longer dashes are approximately 6 to 8 times the short dashes in

length.

Center of a circular curve is indicated by a cross

made up of centerline chains.

14
 FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
. F.V
S.V .
R
FO

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 15
 3 . Angle projection
rd

Top view

Front view Right Side view

 FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
. R
S.V
FO
R
F.V
. X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
17