Embedded system

Analog inputs/ Out Put/

CPU
Electronic Ckt. Display

Program
Memory
Instructions
 CPU(Central Processing unit)

Operation of CPU: There are four steps

that nearly all CPUs use
in their operation

Fetch >> Decode >> Execute >> Write-back

The
During
The
In final this
step,
first
the step,
step,
decode writevarious
back,
fetch,
step, portions
simply
involves
the "writes
of the is
CPU
retrieving
instruction back"
are
anthe up
broken results of
the
connected
execute
partsstep
instruction
into so they
(which
that tohave
some
can perform
form of the
is represented memory.
significance desired
by
to a number or
other
operation.
sequenceof
portions If, for
ofthe instance,
numbers)
CPU. an addition
from program operation
memory.
was requested, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) will
be connected to a set of inputs and a set of
outputs.
Control unit:
Arithmetic Thisunit:
logic unit Arithmetic
controls thelogic
entire
unitoperation
of CPU. Itthe
performs controls all the(addition,
Arithmetic devices subtraction,
connected to
CPU. It also generates
multiplication timingand
etc.) operation signals
logicnecessary
(AND, OR,for
input and
EXOR) output devices.
operation.

Accumulator: An accumulator is a register which

contain one of the operand (operation on data) and
stores the Arithmetic and logical results.
CPU…….

Data Bus: Used to transfer data with peripherals. Data bus is Bi-
directional. Computing power of CPU depends on the no of
data lines. A CPU is called 8-bit or 16-bit CPU which defines the width
of data bus present in CPU.

Address Bus: It carries the address where we want to transfer data

with the help of DATA BUS. This bus is Uni-Directional. No of
individual address locations is determined by 2^n where n is no of
address lines.

General and special purpose Register: General purpose

register are use for temporary storage of data during execution of
instructions.

Special purpose registers are used by CPU itself. They are

not accessible to programmer for e.g. program counter,
instruction register etc.
The microprocessor is the core of computer systems.

Nowadays many communication, digital entertainment,

portable devices, are controlled by them.

A designer should know what types of components he

needs, ways to reduce production costs and product
reliable.
Hardware :Interface to the real world

Software : how to deal with inputs and

outputs
 General-purpose microprocessor
 CPU for Computers
 No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
 Example ： Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0
Many chips on mother’s board
Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port Port
processor

Address Bus
General-Purpose Microprocessor System
 What is Microcontroller

MICROCOMPUTER:
When all the said required device connected with
microprocessor the complete system is known as
Microcomputer.

MICROCONTROLLER:
The single chip which contain the microcomputer is
known as MICROCONTROLLER

RAM Timer

CPU
Serial
ROM I/O COM
Port Port
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
General-purpose microprocessors contains
 No RAM
 No ROM
 No I/O ports

Microcontroller has

 CPU (microprocessor)
 RAM
 ROM
 I/O ports
 Timer / counter
 UART etc.
 Embedded
System
Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that
application.

An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do

Embedded
one task System
only. is a special purpose computer system
designed to do a Specified Task.

Example ： printer, keyboard, video game player

Different families of Microcontrolle
There are several architectures as manufacturer are
adapting different technologies in designing.

8051 (8 bit)  Intel (Now developed by Different

companies)
AVR (8 bit,16 bit)  Atmel
PIC ( 8bit,16 bit) Microchip
ARM(32 bit) Philips Semiconductors
 MCS -51 FAMILY
8051 initially developed by Intel.

Manufacturers of 8051 based Clones (MCS-51 Family):

-Atmel
-Infineon Technologies
-Maxim Integrated Products(via its Dallas Semiconductor
subsidiary),
-NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor),
- Winbond
-ST Microelectronics
-Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal),
-Texas Instruments
-Cypress Semiconductor
 ATMEL's 8051 clone

Non ISP(In system programmable) MC

In ISP Microcontroller There is no need of any special type of
Burner Hardware

8051 L
Base E
D
PC
ZIF
Socket
Application
Board
Burner
 MC of Atmel


ATMEL's Non ISP MC:

AT89c51,AT89c52,AT89c8252
AT89c2051,AT89C55WD etc.


ATMEL ISP MC:
AT89s51,AT89s52,AT89s8252
AT89s2051,AT89C5115,etc.
 Software used during training To
make Application with MCS-51
Family
1. Compiler:
-SDCC(Small Device C Compiler)

2. Programming Environment
- Programmers Notepad, Eclipse

3. Burning Software
- ISP programmer
PIN Detail (8051)
 128 bytes of RAM
 4K bytes of on-chip ROM
 Two timers
 One serial port
 Four I/O ports, each 8 bits wide
 6 interrupt sources
 Data bus 8 bit
 Adddress Bus 16 bit
PIN Detail AT89s51(ISP)