Department of Computer Science

COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus

Computer Networks

Adapted From:
Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach
8th edition: Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Pearson, 2020
Formerly: Data Communication
and Computer
Networks
 Data (Raw facts and figures)
Vs
Information (Data in meaningful/
understandable format)
Note: data and information often used interchangeably

 Communication ( Imparting/ Exchanging

information)

 Network (mean of communication/

interconnection of two or more nodes)
Books:
 Computer Networking: A Top-Down
Approach 8th edition: Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson, 2020
 Data Communications and Networking
5th Ed Behrouz A. Forouzan
Chapter 1
Introductio
n
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Computer Networking: A
For a revision history, see the slide note for this page.
Top-Down Approach
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR 8th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
All material copyright 1996-2020
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Pearson, 2020
Chapter 1: introduction
Chapter goal: Overview/roadmap:
 Get “feel,” “big picture,”  What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• more depth, detail later in  Network edge: hosts, access network,
course physical media
 Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
 Performance: loss, delay, throughput
 Protocol layers, service models
 Security
 History
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
 hosts = end systems
 running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
 routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
 fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

 transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
 collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
“Fun” Internet-connected
devices Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed
mattress

Gaming devices
Others?
Internet phones Fitbit
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts”
view
mobile network
4G
 Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
Streaming
 protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
video
• control sending, receiving of
local or
messages regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
home network
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet content
provider
HTTP network
 Internet standards
datacenter
network
Ethernet
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task TCP
enterprise
Force network

WiFi
The Internet: a “services” view
 Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games, e- Streaming
commerce, social media, inter- Skype video
connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
 provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter
network
apps to “connect” to, use Internet
transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
 “what’s the time?”  computers (devices) rather than humans
 “I have a question”  all communication activity in Internet
 introductions governed by protocols

Rules for:
Protocols define the format, order of
… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

 The network core
 mesh of interconnected
routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
• forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source
to destination
• each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
Network Model
 A network is a combination of h/w and s/w that sends data from one
location to another.
 Hardware consists of the physical equipment that carries signals
from one point to another.
 Software consists of instruction set that make possible the services
that we expect from a network.

Mateen Yaqoob
Department of Computer Science
Protocol “layers”
Networks are
complex,
with many “pieces”: Question:
• hosts
is there any hope of
• routers organizing structure of
• links of various network?
media
• applications …. or at least our discussion of
networks?
• protocols
• hardware,
software
Why layering?

dealing with complex systems:

 explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
 modularization eases maintenance, updating of
system
• change of implementation of layer’s service transparent
to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn't affect rest of
system
ISO/OSI reference model
 presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
presentation
machine-specific conventions
 session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of data transport
exchange network
 Internet stack “missing” these
link
layers!
• these services, if needed, must be physical
implemented in application
• needed?
Internet protocol stack
 application: supporting network
applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
 transport: process-process data
transfer transport
• TCP, UDP
 network: routing of datagrams from network
source to destination
• IP, routing protocols link
 link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
 physical: bits “on the wire”
Summary of OSI layer Model
TCP/IP and OSI model
 message M
source
Encapsulation
application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
Addresses in TCP/IP
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP