Bibliographies and

Referencing
 Question
1. Why do we cite the work of others?
2. What constitutes a good source?
3. What information about a source should be included
in a list of references?
4. What styles should be followed for bibliography?
References
 Why do we cite the work of others?
1. To acknowledge the work of other writers and researchers
2. To demonstrate the body of knowledge on which our own work is
based
3. To enable the reader to trace our sources easily and lead her/him
onto further information
 We do NOT cite to indicate that we have copied text from
another source! That’s plagiarism!
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is:
 the verbatim(word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and
correctly presented acknowledgement;
 the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or
altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented
acknowledgement;
 unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;
 the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.
Copying of another’s work, then adding a reference to that work, is NOT
considered an appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement’

Verbatim copying I sonly allowed in the context of proper quotation

References(2)
 What constitutes a good source?
1. Precise location
1. Sufficient information must be given for a third person to be able to locate your
source
2. Longevity of source
1. (Journals → Proceedings → Technical Reports → Web sources)
3. Accessibility of source ;
1. Completely free→ Free subscription→ Paid
2. Avoid private communication
4. Reputation / Quality of source
5. ‘Originality’
1. Original paper → secondary paper/translation
6. ‘Language’
1. If possible, a source should be in the language you write in
Vocabulary
 Citing/Referencing
Formally recognizing, within your text, the sources from which you have obtained
information
 Citation/Quotation
A passage or words quoted within your text, supported with a reference to its source
 Reference
A detailed description of a source from which you have obtained information
 List of references
List of all sources which are cited in the body of your work
 Bibliography
List of all sources which have been consulted in preparation of your work
Citing: Rules of Thumb
 If you discuss a paper in detail or note some particular contribution it makes, it
must be cited
 Claims, statements of fact, discussions of previous work should be
supported by references, if not supported by your current work
But: Do not cite to support common knowledge;
do not end every sentence with a reference
 References to your own previous work is allowed if it is relevant to your current
work
But: Gratuitous self-reference is counter productive
 Attribute work correctly, in particular, when relying on secondary sources
Bad: According to Dawson(1981), stable graphs have been shown to be closed
Good: According to Kelly(1959; as quotedbyDawson,1981), stable graphs are
closed
References
 References need to include the following information, with
the order and format depending on the chosen style:
 Author(s) or editor(s) responsible for writing/editing the work cited
 Title and subtitle of the work
 Where the work can be obtained or found
 Year the work was created ,presented, and/or published
 What information is required about where the work can be
obtained depends on its type
References: Types of work
 Book
 Author(s) or editor(s)
 Title ands ubtitle
 Edition, if not the first, for example 2nd ed.
 Series and individual volume number(if any)
 Publisher
 (Place of publication)
 Yearofpublication
 Examples:
 A. A. Fraenkel, Y. Bar-Hillel, and A. Levy. Foundations of Set Theory, 2 nd revised
edition. Studies in Logic and The Foundations of Mathematics 67. North-
Holland, Amsterdam,1973.
A. Robinson and A.Voronkov, editors. Hand book of Automated Reasoning.
Elsevier,2001.
References: Types of work
 Chapter/section of a book
 Author(s)of the chapter/section
 Title and subtitle of the chapter/section
 Author/editor of collected work
 Title and subtitle of collected work
 Chapter/section referred to
 Page numbers of chapter/section referred to
 Publisher
 (Place of publication)
 Year of publication
 Example:
W. Bibel and E. Eder. Methods and calculi for deduction. In C. J. Hogger, D. M.
Gabbay and J. A. Robinson, editors, Hand booko Logic in Artificial Intelligence and
Logic Programming, Volume1, chapter3, pages67–182. OxfordUniversityPress,1993.
References: Types of work
 Conference proceedings
 Editor(s) of proceedings
 Name and number of conference
 Location of conference (if appropriate)
 Time of conference
 Title of published work; if different from the name of the conference
 Series and individual volume number (if any)
 Publisher
 Place of publication
 Year of publication
 Example:
D. A. Basin and M. Rusinowitch, editors. Automated Reasoning Second
International Joint Conference, IJCAR2004, Cork, Ireland, July4–8, 2004,
Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3097. Springer,2004.
References: Types of work
 Conference paper
 Author(s) of the paper
 Title and subtitle of the paper
 All information on the conference proceedings plus
 Page numbers of the paper
 Example:
Volker Weispfenning. Solving Constraints by Elimination Methods. In D.
A. Basin and M. Rusinowitch, editors. Automated Reasoning-Second
International Joint Conference, IJCAR2004, Cork, Ireland,July4–8,2004,
Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3097, p.336–341.
Springer,2004.
References: Types of work
 Journal article
 Author(s) of the article
 Title and subtitle of the article
 Title of the journal
 Volume and part number
 Page numbers of article
 Date, month or season of the year, if appropriate
 Year of publication
 Note: Information on publisher is typically not required
 Examples:
R. MacGregor. Inside the LOOM description classifier. SIGART Bulletin,2(3):88–92,1991.
A. Seager. Energy subsidy plan for home runs out of cash. The Guardian, 21October 2006,
p. 6.
References: Types of work
 Thesis and dissertation
 Author of the work
 Title and subtitle of the work
 Type of work
 Awarding institution including its address
 Year, possibly month, of publication
 Examples:
G. Rosu. Hidden Logic. PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA, August 2000.
R. A. van der Goot. Strategies for modal resolution. Master’s thesis, Faculty
of Technical Mathematics and Informatics, Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands,1994.
References: Types of work
 Web pages
 Author(s) of the webpage(s)
 Title and subtitle
 URL
 Date of last modification, if available
 Date of access
 Examples:
The PHP Group. PHP: Hypertext preprocessor.
http://www.php.net/. 22 October 2006.
The International DOI Foundation. The Digital Object Identifier System.
http://www.doi.org/. 25 July 2006 (accessed 22 October 2006)
More Examples

Bad:
Marco Dorigo and Thomas Stutzle, Ant Colony Optimization.
Good:
Marco Dorigo and Thomas Stutzle. Ant Colony Optimization.
Bradford Book, 2004.
More Examples

Bad:
JAVA, JAVA, JAVA by Ralph Morelli
Good:
Ralph Morelli. Java,Java,Java: Object-Oriented Problem Solving, 2nd
edition. Prentice Hall, 2003.
More Examples

Bad:
Marco Dorigo, Gianni Di Caro, Michael Samples, Ant Algorithms, third
international workshop, Ant 2002, Brussels, Belgium, September 2002,
Proceedings.
Good:
Marco Dorigo, Gianni Di Caro, and Michael Samples, editors. Ant
Algorithms: Third International Workshop, ANTS 2002, Brussels, Belgium,
September 12–14, 2002, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in
Computer Science 2463. Springer, 2002.
More Examples

Bad:
http://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/Stern.shtml

Good:
Alexander Bogomolny. Stern-Brocot Tree.
http://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/Stern.shtml.
Last modification June17,2000. Accessed October 26, 2006.
Bibliography Styles

 Ordinal number
 Author-date
 Abbrevition
Styles: Ordinal number

 Sources listed in the bibliography are sorted according to someordering, typically

based on the authors’ names, and numbered consecutively
 References in the text are given as(lists of) numbers cross-referencing the
bibliography, enclosed in square brackets
 Example:
Key techniques for utilizing temporal logic specifications have been investigated, including
verification via proof [3] and verification via model-checking[1,2].
 Bibliography
1. E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. A. Peled. ModelChecking. MIT Press, 2000.
2. K. L. McMillan. SymbolicModelChecking.Kluwer,1993.
3. M. Vardi and P. Wolper. Reasoning about in finite computations. Inform. and Computat.,
115:1–37, 1994.
Styles: Author-date(1)
 Sources in the reference list are arranged alphabetically by the authors’ names;
where there is more than one work by the same authors, they are arranged by year
of publication, starting with the earliest; where there is more than one work with the
same authors and date, a letter is added to the year of publication to distinguish
them
 Example:
Bibliography
E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. A. Peled (2000). Model Checking. MIT Press.
K. L. McMillan (1993). Symbolic Model Checking. Kluwer.
M. Vardi and P. Wolper (1994). Reasoning about infinite computations. Inform. and
Computat., 115:1–37.
Styles: Author-date(1)
 Sources in the reference list are arranged alphabetically by the authors’ names;
where there is more than one work by the same authors, they are arranged by year
of publication, starting with the earliest; where there is more than one work with the
same authors and date, a letter is added to the year of publication to distinguish
them
 Example:
Bibliography
P. Wolper (1996a). Where is the Algorithmic Support? ACM Comput. Surv. 28(4): 58.
P. Wolper (1996b). The Meaning of “Formal”. ACM Comput. Surv. 28(4): 127.
Styles: Author-date (2)
 A reference is given by the authors’ names and the date enclosed in parentheses
unless the authors’ names are part of the sentence
 Example of quoting:
 The following is an extract from (Wolper 1996a):
Consider, for instance, the issue of compositionality in proof systems for concurrency. I
am not going to argue that compositionality is undesirable, but that achieving it without
algorithmic support (in a broad sense) is easy and mostly useless.
 Example of citing:
While Wolper (1996a) does not argue that compositionality in proof systems for
concurrency is undesirable, he claims that achieving it without algorithmic support is
mostly useless.
Styles: Author-date (2)
 A reference is given by the authors’ names and the date enclosed in parentheses
unless the authors’ names are part of the sentence
 Example
Recent work (Wolper1996a,1996b) stresses the importance of algorithmic support for
formal methods.
Wolper(1996a,1996b) stresses the importance of algorithmic support for formal methods.
The completion procedure may fail in general, but has been extended to a refutationally
complete theorem prover (cf. Lankford1975, Hsiangand Rusinowitch 1987, and Bachmair,
Dershowithzand Plaisted 1989). Completion procedures for conditional equations have
been described by Kounalis and Rusinowitch (1988), and by Ganzinger (1987a, 1987b).
Styles: Abbreviation(1)
 Mix of ordinal number style and author-date style
 Sources in the bibliography are presented like in ordinal number style, but in
stead of numbering them, each source is given a unique identifier based on
authors’ names and year of publication, with additional letters to disambiguate
duplicate abbreviations
 Example:
 Bibliography
[CGP00] E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. A. Peled. Model Checking. MIT Press,2000.
[vdG94] R. A. van der Goot. Strategies for modal resolution. Master’s thesis,
DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands,1994.
[Wol96a] P. Wolper. Where is the Algorithmic Support? ACM Comput. Surv. 28 (4): 58,1996.
[Wol96b] P.Wolper.TheMeaningof“Formal”.ACM Comput. Surv. 28(4):127, 1996.
Styles: Abbreviation(2)
 References in the text are given as (lists of)abbreviations cross-referencing the
bibliography, again enclosed in square brackets
 Examples:
Key techniques for utilizing temporal logic specifications have been investigated,
including verification via proof [VW94] and verification via model-checking
[CGP00,McM93].
Recent work [Wol96a, Wol96b] stresses the importance of algorithmic support for
formal methods.
Wolper in [Wol96a, Wol96b] stresses the importance of algorithmic support for formal
methods.
The completion procedure may fail in general, but has been extended to a
refutationally complete theorem prover (cf. [Lan75,HR87,BDP89]).
Completion procedures for conditional equations have been described by Kounalis and
Rusinowitch [KT88], and by Ganzinger [Gan87a, Gan87b].