Chapter 1

Introduction to
Wireless
Communication
Telecom Systems
By: Agerie 1
Chapter
Contents
 Introduction to
Telecommunication
 Wireless Communication
 History of wireless
communication
 Type of Services
 Wireless Vs Mobile
 Applications

2
Introduction

 Wireless networking refers to the use of

wireless, or radio frequency, technology to
connect devices and allow them to
communicate without physical cables.

 It enables the transmission of data, voice,

and video over a distance, facilitating
connectivity in various environments.
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Telecommunication
 Is the process of transmitting information over a distance
using technology such as telephone lines, cable, or satellite.

 It is a key part of the modern world, as it allows people to

communicate with each other and access information and
resources from around the globe.

Wireless communication
 Is the transfer of information or power between two or
more points that are not connected by a physical wire.

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 The communication can be via
 Voice : Spoken communication through phone calls or voice
messages.
 Data : Transfer of digital information, such as emails and files,
usually via the internet.
 Radio : most common wireless technologies use radio waves
Covers from few meters to thousands or even millions of KMs
 Multimedia: Integration of various types of content (text, audio,
video) for communication, like video calls or online presentations.
 Free-space optical : uses light propagating in free space to
transmit wireless data
 Sonic : short range communication involves the transmission and
reception of sound
 Satellite : Use of satellites for transmitting signals over long
distances, often for television, internet, and GPS services.
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Introduction…
 Mobile Computing
 Is HCI by which a computer is expected to be
transported during normal usage, which allows for
transmission of data, voice and video
 Involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and
mobile software.
▶ Communication issues include
o Ad hoc and infrastructure networks
as well as communication properties, data formats
and concrete technologies.
▶ Hardware includes mobile devices or device
components
▶ Mobile software deals with the characteristics and
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requirements of mobile applications
Components of wireless networking

Wireless Access Points (WAPs)

 Devices that allow wireless-capable devices to
connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi.
Routers
 Manage traffic between devices on a network
and provide internet access.
Network Interface Cards (NICs):
 Hardware installed in devices (like laptops and
smartphones) to enable wireless connectivity.
Antennas
 Transmit and receive wireless signals, with
different types (omnidirectional, directional)
affecting coverage and performance.
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 Components……
Modems
 Connects to an internet service provider (ISP) to provide
internet access; translates signals for computers and
networks.
Bridges
 Connect distinct wireless or wired networks, allowing
communication between different network segments.
Security Protocols
 Ensure secure wireless communication through encryption
and authentication mechanisms (e.g., WPA, WPA2, WPA3).
Client Devices
 Any device that connects to the wireless network, such as
laptops, smartphones, tablets, and IoT devices.

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Types of Wireless Networks
 Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN): Connects devices
within a very close range, such as Bluetooth connections between
smartphones and headphones.
 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network(WMAN): It typically
spans a city or a large campus, providing high-speed internet
access and data services to users within that area.
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): Connects devices
within a limited area such as homes, offices, or schools (e.g., Wi-
Fi).
 Wireless Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers larger
geographical areas using satellite, cellular, or microwave links.
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Computers for the next decades?
 Computers are integrated
 small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate
devices
 Advances in technology
 More computing power in smaller devices
 Flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
 New user interfaces due to small dimensions
 Multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs,
regional
wireless telecommunication networks etc.
 An ever-increasing number of users accessing networks
without any wires, i.e., Wireless

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Mobile communication
 One of the key characteristics of today’s and future society is that people are
mobile
 Two aspects of mobility:
 user mobility: users communicate (wireless) “anytime, anywhere, with
anyone”
 device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the
network

 Communication device (Examples) Wireless vs. mobile

 Fixed and wired (stationary computer)
 Mobile and wired (notebook in a hotel)
 Fixed and wireless (WLANs in historic buildings)
 Mobile and wireless (PDA)

 The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of
wireless
networks into existing fixed networks 11
Mobile communication…
 Advantages wireless Networks
 No problems with wiring (e.g. historical buildings, fire
protection, esthetics)
 Robust against disasters like earthquake, fire and
careless users which remove connectors!
 Spatial flexibility in radio reception range
 Ad hoc networks without former planning
 Disadvantages wireless Networks
 Generally very low transmission rates for higher
numbers of users
 Often proprietary, more powerful approaches &
standards are often restricted
 Consideration of lots of national regulations, global
regulations are evolving
slowly
 Restricted frequency range, interferences of frequencies,
low security 12
 Health problems
Applications of wireless communication
 Transmission of music, news, road conditions,
weather reports, and other broadcast
information are received via digital audio
broadcasting (DAB) with 1.5Mbit/s.
 For personal communication, a
universal mobile telecommunications system
(UMTS) phone might be available offering
voice and data connectivity with 384kbit/s.
 For remote areas, satellite communication
can be used, while the current position of the car
is determined via the GPS (Global Positioning
System).

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Applications…..
 A local ad-hoc network for the fast exchange of information
 Such as distance between two vehicles,
 Carry traffic information,
 Road conditions) in emergency situations or to help each
other keep a
safe distance.
 Local ad-hoc network with vehicles close by to prevent
guidance system, accidents, redundancy.
 Vehicle data from buses, trucks, trains and high speed train
can be
transmitted in advance for maintenance.
 In ad-hoc network, car can comprise personal digital
assistants (PDA), laptops, or mobile phones connected with
each other using the Bluetooth technology.

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More applications
 Emergencies
 Early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
 Replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes,
hurricanes, fire, war
 Travelling salesmen
 Direct access to customer files stored in a central location
 Consistent databases for all agents
 Replacement of fixed networks
 Remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
 LANs in historic buildings
 Entertainment, education, ...
 Internet everywhere - indoor and outdoor
 Intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information
 Ad-hoc networks for multi user games
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Mobile and wireless services –
Best C o n n ecte d
Always
LAN ,W LA N UMTS, GSM
G SM 53 kbit/s LAN
780 kbit/s 115 kbit/s 100 Mbit/s,
Bluetooth 500 kbit/s WLAN
54 Mbit/s

UMTS,
DECT
2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s,

WLAN 780 kbit/s
GSM 115 kbit/s, UMTS, GSM
WLAN 11 Mbit/s 384 kbit/s

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 Intelligent/smart home or building
 A smart home or building is a home or building,
usually a new one, that is equipped with special
structured wiring to enable occupants to remotely
control or program an array of automated home
electronic devices by entering a single command.

 For example, a home owner on vacation

can
securit
▶ use a Touchtone phone to y
▶ control alarm a
temperature home system,
gauges,
▶ switch appliances on or off,
▶ control lighting,
▶ program a home heater or entertainment
system,
▶ and perform many other tasks. 17
Applications: Location dependent services…
 Location aware services
– what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in
the local environment
 Follow-on services
– automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual
workspace to the current location
 Privacy
– Who should gain knowledge about the location
– E.g. Imagine a hotel monitoring all guests and selling
these profiles to companies for advertisements.
 Information services
– “push“: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
– “pull“: e.g., where is the nearest hotel from the air port ?

 Support services
– caches, intermediate results, state information etc. “follow“
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the mobile device through the fixed network
Mobile devices
Pager PDA Laptop
• receive only • simpler graphical displays • fully functional
• tiny displays • character recognition • standard applications
• simple text messages • simplified WWW

Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Mobile phones Palmtop

• voice, data • tiny keyboard
• simple graphical displays •simple versions of
standard applications

Increasing Performance (CPU, memory, display, input

devices etc.)

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Invisible/ubiquitous/pervasive wearable computing
 Proliferation of devices
 New breed of tiny network and embedded ”computers”
 Telephones, TVs, cameras, microphones,
microwaves, refrigerators,...
 Wireless IC (Integrated Circuit) tags
(information + antenna)
 A very tiny - even invisible - devices, either mobile or
embedded in almost any type of object imaginable,
including cars, tools, appliances, clothing and various
consumer goods - all communicating through increasingly
interconnected networks
 Distribution of computing resources
 Portable,
 wearable
 embedded, everywhere, ...... 20
Ubiquitous computing
▶ Idea?
 Mark Weiser, the originator of the
term ubiquitous computing,
described it this way:
 Ubiquitous computing highest
ideal is to make a computer so
imbedded, so fitting, so natural,
that we use it without even
thinking about it.
 Itis a Latin word existing or
being everywhere at the
same time 21
Wearable
computing
 Scaled-down computers for body-wear
 A number of wearable’s have been designed
for the
disabled
 Among the challenges of wearable computers
are:
▶how to minimize their weight and
bulkiness,
▶ how and where to locate the display, and
▶ what kind of data entry device to provide
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Wearable computing….
 Applications envisioned for wearable
computers
 Augmented memory: sensing people
present in a room and remind you of
their names or personal history, a
scheduler could whisper the time of an
important meeting in your ear, etc.

 Immediate access to important data for

mobile workers such as real estate agents,
rural doctors, fire and police professionals,
lawyers in courtrooms, military personnel,
etc..
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Wearable
computing…

Google
glass

Figure: Wearable computers

evolution

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Effects of device portability
 Mobile devices are becoming more
powerful, less heavy (small in size), and
comprise new interfaces to the user and to
new networks
 However, they will have high power
consumption
▶ More features means more power, higher
performance, fast it drains energy, wireless
data transmission consumes a lot of energy
 Moreover they have low quality
displays, small disks due to limited
battery capacity

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Effects of device portability…….
 Moreover, smaller size means
🠶 Loss of data - higher probability, has to be
included in advance into the design (e.g.,
defects, theft)
🠶 Limited user interfaces: compromise
between size of fingers and portability,
integration of character/voice recognition,
abstract symbols
🠶 Limited memory: limited value of mass
memories with moving parts, flash-memory
or as alternative

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Early history of wireless communication
▶ Many people in history used
light for communication
▶ heliographs, flags (“semaphore“), ...
▶ 150 BC smoke signals for
communication; (Polybius, Greece)
▶ 1794, optical telegraph, Claude
Chappe
▶ However, optical transmission power suffers
from high frequency, highly susceptible
to obstacles, rain, and fog

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Early history of wireless
communication…..
▶ Here electromagnetic waves are of special
importance:
▶ 1831M. Faraday (& Joseph Henry ) demonstrates
electromagnetic induction
▶ 1864 J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of
electromagnetic Fields, wave equations
▶ 1888 Heinrich Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates
with an experiment the wave characteristics of
electrical transmission through space
▶ Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) soon increased the
distance of EM transmission
▶ 1895 Guglielmo Marconi
o first demonstration of wireless telegraphy
o long wave transmission, high
transmission power necessary (> 200kw)

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History of wireless
communication…
▶1907 Commercial transatlantic connections
 huge base stations (30, 100m high antennas in
both
sides)
▶1915 Wireless voice transmission New York
- San Francisco
▶1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
 Have advantage of being reflected at the
ionosphere
 smaller sender and receiver, possible due
to the invention of the vacuum tube
▶1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg -
Berlin
– wires parallel to the railroad track
▶1927 The first car radio was commercially 29
History of wireless
communication…
🠶 1928 Many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV
news)
🠶 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
🠶 1958 A-Netz in Germany – first network in Germany
– analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile
station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 - 11000
customers
🠶 1979 Scandinavian countries agreed to form nordic
mobile telephone (NMT) at 450MHz
🠶 1982 Start of Groupe Spéciale Mobile(GSM)-
specification
– goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system
with roaming
🠶 1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System, analog)
🠶 1984 CT1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

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History of wireless
communication…
 1986 C-Netz in Germany
 analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible,
digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device
 Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-
mail, 98% coverage
 1991 Specification of Digital European Cordless Telephone
(DECT)
 today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex
channels,
 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption,
authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in
more than 50 countries
 1992 Start of global system for mobile communication (GSM)
 fully digital, 900MHz, 124 full-duplex channels
 automatic location, hand-over, cellular, high radio quality 31
History of wireless
communication…
▶ 1996 High Performance Radio Local Area
Network- HiperLAN
▶ 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
▶ 1998 Specification of GSM successors
 1999 Standardization of additional wireless
LANs
 2000 GSM with higher data rates
 2001 Start of 3G systems - Cdma2000 in
Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost
UMTS) in Japan

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Wireless systems: Overview of the
development
cordless
phones wireless LAN
cellular phones satellites
1980:
1981: CT0
NMT 450 1982:
1983: Inmarsat-A
AMPS 1984:
CT1
1986:
NMT 900 1987:
1988: CT1+
Inmarsat-C
1989:
CT 2

1991: 1991: 1991:

1992: CDMA D-AMPS 1992: DECT 199x:
GSM Inmarsat-B proprietary
1993: Inmarsat-M
PDC
1997:
1994:
IEEE 802.11
DCS 1800
1998:
Iridium 1999:
802.11b, Bluetooth

2000: 2000:
GPRS IEEE 802.11a
analogue
2001:
IMT-2000
digital
200?:
Fourth Generation
(Internet based)

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4G
▶ A network that operates on Internet technology,
combines it with other applications and technologies
such as Wi-Fi, and runs at speeds ranging from 100
Mbps (in cell-phone networks) to 1 Gbps(in local Wi-Fi
networks).

▶ The goal of 4G systems is to incorporate and

integrate different wireless access technologies and
mobile network architectures so as to achieve a
seamless wireless access infrastructure.
▶ Lower cost than previous generations
▶ OFDM used instead of CDMA
▶ End-to-end QoS , High security
▶ IPv6 Core
▶ Always Be Connected (ABC)
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Key 3G and 4G
Parameters
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as Converged data and VoIP
add-
on
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi),
Blue Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
Component Design Optimized antenna; multi-band Smart antennas; SW
adapters multi-
band; wideband radios
Bandwidth 5 – 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Data Rate 385 Kbps - 2 Mbps 20 – 100 Mbps
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

Forward Error Correction Convolution code 1/2, 1/3; Concatenated Coding

turbo
Switching Circuit/Packet Packet
Mobile top Speed 200 kmph 200 kmph
IP Multiple versions All IP (IPv6.0)
Operational ~2003 ~2010
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Wireless Innovations
▶ 802.11u: Authentication for 802.11 hotspots
▶ 802.11ac: 500Mbps-1 Gbps WiFi
▶ 802.11ad: WiGig. Gigabit Wireless
▶ 802.11n: WiFi with multiple antennas
▶ 802.11k: Discover the best AP before transition
▶ 802.11ah: Low-speed coordinated communication
for M2M
▶ 802.11r: Fast Base Station transition
▶ WiFi Direct: Point-to-Point WiFi without access
point
▶ Super WiFi: Long-distance internet access using
TV white spaces
▶ TeraHz Waves: Sub-millimeter waves. 1 mm to
0.1mm wavelength. 0.3 to 3THz. Between Radio 36
and light
Wireless Innovations…
▶LTE: Long-Term Evolution. 3.9G
▶LTE-Advanced: Next generation of LTE. Real 4G. 1
Gbps
▶TD-LTE: LTE using time-division duplexing
rather than frequency division duplexing
▶802.22: Wireless regional area network using
white
spaces in TV channels
▶ZigBee: Trade name for 802.15.4
personal area networks. Like WiFi for
802.11
▶5G: Beyond 4G. Expected in 2020. 100X
LTE
▶Small Cells: 10m to 2km. Includes Micro cells,
Pico cells, Femto cells
▶Cognitive Radio: Find unused channels and use 37
Group
Assignments
▶ Ultra-Wideband wireless (UWB) – Group 1

▶ Free Space Optics (FSO)- Group 2

▶ Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) – Group 3
▶ Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) Group 4
▶ Flash OFDM - Group 5
Instructions:
▶ Work in groups and prepare a clear and concise answer.
▶ Document your answers in PDF file (where group members name and
ID number is stated on the cover page).
▶ Your assignment submission date is 20/07/2017 E.C, a group with late
submission will loss one mark by each day.
▶ You submit the assignment through email. ([email protected]
).
▶ The subject line of your email should be: - IT 4th year(Regular) G1, G2,
G3…….
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Assignments
……
The assignment content should include the
following ;
▶ Introduction
▶ Characteristics
▶ Advantage and disadvantage
▶ Working principles
▶ Application

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