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Data Base System 3 + 4

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), detailing their purpose, components, and roles within a database environment. It highlights the benefits and disadvantages of using a DBMS, including data integrity, security, and reduced redundancy, as well as the complexities and costs involved. Additionally, it outlines the functions of various roles such as Data Administrators, Database Administrators, Database Designers, Application Developers, and End-users.

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Urwa Urwa
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13 views17 pages

Data Base System 3 + 4

The document provides an overview of Database Management Systems (DBMS), detailing their purpose, components, and roles within a database environment. It highlights the benefits and disadvantages of using a DBMS, including data integrity, security, and reduced redundancy, as well as the complexities and costs involved. Additionally, it outlines the functions of various roles such as Data Administrators, Database Administrators, Database Designers, Application Developers, and End-users.

Uploaded by

Urwa Urwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA BASE

SYSTEM
Lecture 3 +4
Instructor: Tayyba Khalid
Content
 Introduction to Database  History of Database System
 What is Data?  Database Approach
 Data in Database  Data Independence

 Database  Data Abstraction

  Data Organization
Database Application
 Meta Data
 Database Management
System  Database Management System
 Database System  Intro to DDL, DML, DCL

 File-based System
 Limitation of File-based
System
What is a DBMS?
■ A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that enables
users to create, manage, manipulate, and secure databases
efficiently.
■ It serves as an interface between the database and the end users or
application programs.

🔍 Purpose of a DBMS
1. Efficient Data Management
A DBMS allows for the storage, retrieval, and updating of data in an
organized manner.
2. Data Abstraction
Users interact with data at a high level without knowing how it's stored
internally.
3. Data Integrity and Accuracy
Ensures that the data entered into the database is valid, consistent,
and accurate through constraints and rules.
4. Data Security
Controls who can access or modify specific parts of the database
through authentication and authorization mechanisms.
5. Concurrent Access
Allows multiple users to access the database at the same time
without conflict, using transaction management and locking mechanisms.
6. Backup and Recovery
Provides features for automatic backup of data and recovery tools in
case of system failure or data loss.
7. Minimized Data Redundancy
Organizes data in such a way that duplicate entries are minimized,
saving storage and avoiding inconsistency.
8. Data Independence
Changes in the database structure (schema) do not affect how the data
is accessed or used by applications.
9. Support for Querying and Reporting
Users can write SQL queries to retrieve, sort, filter, and report data
quickly.
Purpose of DDL, DML, DCL:

•DDL: Create and modify the database structure without affecting existing data.

•DML: Access and manipulate existing data (add, remove, change, view).

•DCL: Control permissions on the database.


Application Program in Database
Environment
■ Applications interact with DBMS to perform operations like querying and updating the
database.

. Banking:
■ Databases store customer information, account balances, transaction histories, and loan data. They handle
millions of transactions per day while ensuring accuracy, security, and compliance with financial regulations.
■ Example: A database processes thousands of credit card transactions every second, ensuring that each
transaction is recorded correctly.
2. Healthcare:
■ Databases manage patient records, medical histories, prescriptions, and appointments. They ensure that
healthcare providers have access to accurate patient data while maintaining confidentiality and compliance
with regulations like HIPAA.
■ Example: A hospital database stores and retrieves patient records and diagnostic results, enabling doctors to
make informed treatment decisions.
Examples

3. E-Commerce:
■ Databases manage product catalogs, customer orders, payment processing, and inventory
tracking. They provide real-time data for customer-facing websites and internal systems.
■ Example: An online store uses a database to store product details, track inventory levels, and
process customer orders in real time.
4. Education:
■ Educational institutions use databases to manage student information, grades, course
enrollments, and scheduling.
■ Example: A university database tracks student enrollments, course offerings, and academic
records.
Benefits of Views

•Security: Hide sensitive data (only display required columns).

•Simplicity: Simplify complex queries.

•Consistency: Provide a consistent, logical representation of data even when

the underlying schema changes.

•Customization: Different users see different representations of the same data.


Components of Database
Environment
•Hardware: Physical devices (servers, storage).
•Software: DBMS software and related applications.
•Data: Actual operational data + metadata.
•Procedures: Instructions and rules for database design and use.
•Database Access Language: SQL or APIs for interacting with the database.
•Users:
•Database Administrators (DBAs): Manage the DBMS.
•Application Developers: Write programs using the database.
•End Users: Use applications that access the database.
Roles in Database environment
There are four distinct types of people that participate in the DBMS
environment: data and database administrators, database designers,
application developers, and the end-users.
■ Data Administrator
■ Database Administrator
■ Database Designer
■ Application Developer
■ End-users
Data Administrators

■ The Data Administrator (DA) is responsible for defining data elements,


data names and their relationship with the database.
Focus: Data policy, governance, and standards
Responsibilities:
• Define data standards, naming conventions, and metadata
• Develop data policies for data quality, privacy, and usage
• Ensure consistency and integrity across all databases
• Work with database designers to align database structures with
business needs
Database Administrator (DBA)
■ A Database Administrator (DBA) is an IT professional who works on creating,
maintaining, querying, and tuning the database of the organization. They
are also responsible for maintaining data security and integrity. A DBA has
many responsibilities. A good performing database is in the hands of DBA.

Focus: Technical management and maintenance of the database


Responsibilities:
• Install, configure, and upgrade the DBMS
• Manage user access and permissions
• Monitor database performance and tune queries
• Perform backups, recovery, and disaster management
• Enforce security controls
Database Designer

Focus: Logical and physical structure of the database


Responsibilities:
• Design conceptual, logical, and physical data models
• Define tables, relationships, keys, and indexes
• Ensure data is normalized and efficiently structured
• Work closely with DAs, DBAs, and developers to implement the design
Application Developer

Focus: Creating applications that interact with the database


Responsibilities:
• Write SQL queries, stored procedures, and triggers
• Develop application logic to perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update,
Delete) operations
• Ensure the front-end and back-end are correctly integrated with the
database
• Optimize application performance through efficient data handling
End-users

Focus: Daily use of the system to perform tasks


Responsibilities:
• Access the database through applications or reports
• Enter, modify, and retrieve data as needed
• Follow data entry procedures and guidelines
• May be categorized into casual, naïve, or power users depending
on their interaction level
Advantages of a Database
System
•Data Integrity and Accuracy
Ensures consistency and correctness of data through constraints and relationships.
•Data Security
Access controls, user authentication, and permissions help protect sensitive data.
•Reduced Data Redundancy
Centralized control minimizes unnecessary duplication of data.
•Data Sharing
Multiple users and applications can access the same data concurrently.
•Improved Data Access
Query languages (like SQL) allow easy and flexible data retrieval and reporting.
•Backup and Recovery
Automatic and manual backups with recovery features protect against data loss.
•Scalability and Flexibility
Databases can be scaled to handle growing data and adjusted to support new requirements.
•Standardization
Helps enforce standards in data naming, structure, and access methods across the
organization.
Disadvantages of a Database
System
•High Initial Cost
Licensing, hardware, and skilled personnel can be expensive to set up.
•Complexity
Designing, implementing, and managing a database requires expertise and planning.
•Performance Overhead
Complex queries and large-scale data processing can slow down performance.
•Data Vulnerability
Centralization increases risk—if the database is compromised, all data can be exposed.
•Continuous Maintenance
Requires regular updates, monitoring, optimization, and backups.
•System Dependency
If the database system fails, dependent applications and processes may stop functioning.

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