10601577
Advanced Road Design
Lecture 2
Chapter 1
Highway Functions
1st Sem. 2022/2023
Text: A Policy on Geometric Design, p.1-1 to 1-13 (Chapter 1)
Classification of Highways
Classification Criteria
· Design types are based on geometric features
(highways, streets, freeways) and relevance
· Route numbering (no. of digits, e.g., U.S., S.R.,
County road), in Palestine 1, 2, 3, 4 digit roads
· Character of service function (arterials, collectors ,
local roads)
· Other classification systems (based on no. of
lanes, direction, location, land-use, etc.).
Functional Classification
It is not practical to provide direct-line connections between
every potential origin-destination pair. Instead, trips must be
channelized on a network of roads and streets based on desire
lines of travel.
Functional Classification
· Arterial highways provide direct service for large
number long-distance trips (between large towns,
between residential and industrial areas within a
large city, etc.)
· Local roads and streets provide service for a small
number of trips along short distances (local traffic,
access to high level highways)
· Collectors of an intermediate function connect
local highways with arterial highways
Your friend’s Termination
house (driveway)
Access
(local)
Distribution
(collector)
Main movement
(arterial)
Collection
(collector)
Access
(local)
Origination Your house
(driveway)
Hierarchy of Movements and Roads
Hierarchy of Movements and
Roads
Trip Phases
• Origination (driveway)
• Access (local road)
• Collection (collector)
• Transition (ramp)
• Main movement (arterial highway)
• Transition (ramp)
• Distribution (collector)
• Access (local road)
• Termination (driveway)
Access Needs and Controls
• Major functions of roads
• Access to property (local roads and streets)
• Traffic mobility (arterial roads)
• Dual function (collectors)
• A desirable access level is achieved by
applying access control to arterial roads and
sometimes to collectors
100%
Rural Roads
Rural areas are outside of boundaries of urban
areas. Classified as:
• Rural principal arterial system
• Rural minor arterial system
• Rural collector system (major and minor)
• Rural local road system
Rural principal arterial system has the
following characteristics:
· substantial part of traffic are statewide and
interstate trips
· movements between urban areas with
populations over 50,000 and majority of
movements between areas with population
2 - 4 % of
over 25,000
· integrated connections within the system
rural roads
Rural principal and minor arterial system has the
following characteristics:
· linkage of cities, larger towns, and other major traffic
generators
· integrated interstate and inter-county system
· internal spacing consistent with population intensity
· trip lengths and volumes greater than those served by
rural collectors and local system
6 - 12 % of
rural roads
20 - 25 % of
rural roads
Minor collector
roads:
· accumulate
traffic from
local roads
Major collector roads: · serve locally
· serve intra-county traffic important
generators traffic
· link these places with generators
larger towns or other (smaller
routes of higher communities)
classification
Rural local road
system provides
access to abutting
land, individual
farms, etc.
65 - 75 % of
rural roads
Urban Roads
The boundaries of urban areas are set by
authorized officials.
Classified as:
• Urban principal arterial system
• Urban minor arterial system
• Urban collector street system
• Urban local street system
Urban principal arterial system:
• serves major movements within the
urbanized areas
• integrated internally and connected
with the rural principal arterial
system
• includes interstate roads, other
freeways, surface principal arterial
streets with partial or no access
Urban minor arterial street system:
• augments the urban principal system
• provides more access to the abutting
areas (does not penetrate residential
areas)
• carries bus routes
• spacing is between 0.2-5 km
15-25% of urban streets are arterials.
They carry 65-80 % of traffic load.
Urban collector street system:
• provides land access service
• circulates traffic in residential
neighborhoods, commercial
and industrial areas
• collects traffic from local
streets
• carries local bus routes
• may form entire street grid in
central business districts
5-10% of urban streets are collectors.
They carry 5-10 % of traffic load.
Urban local street system:
· permits direct access to
abutting land
· discourages through traffic
· does not include bus routes
65-80 % of urban streets are local.
They carry 10-30 % of traffic load.
Table 3.3
10.9 71.7
20.5 15.2
68.6 13.1
Road and
Transportation
Master Plan for
Palestine
Road Classes (Rural) in Palestine
Road Classes (in an Urban Area) in Palestine
Integration of Planning and Design
The planning process provides:
• Functional classification of the future road
• AADT and design volumes
Design speeds depend on the highway class:
• Arterials - high design speeds
• Collectors - intermediate design speeds
• Local roads - low design speeds
The design speed and volume determine most of the
highway design parameters.
A freeway is an exception from the rule. It is not a functional class but has
unique geometric criteria due to major differences in operations
between this type of highway and surface arterials.
kph 32 48 kph kph 64 kph 80 kph 96 kph 112
Consideration of All Transportation
Modes in Design
• The design goal should be a balanced design to
serves multiple transportation modes, as
appropriate.
• Key factors for appropriate multiple mode
facilities:
- the functional classification,
- the context of the road or street,
- the expected demand flows for each transportation
mode (both current and anticipated), and
- area-wide/corridor plans established by the
Design Process to Address
Specific Project Types
• New Construction Projects: roads on new
alignment
• Reconstruction Projects: on existing
alignment that change the basic roadway
type
• Construction on existing roads: projects that
maintain the basic roadway type
Design Flexibility
• Each project has a specific purpose and need,
specific context and constraints, serves a
unique set of users.
• No project is exactly like another; therefore, no
single set of design criteria can be applicable to
or meet the needs of all, or even most, projects.
• The range of factors to be addressed in the
project development process is too diverse, the
needs of individual transportation modes too
varied, and the limitations on available funding
too great to simply apply the same design
approach to every project.
