Chapter 9

TCP/IP Reference Model

Overview of TCP/IP

1
 TCP/IP
• A highly standardized protocol
used widely on the Internet
• Standards area available in the
form of RFC documents
Request for Comment (RFC)
• Standards are overseen by the
Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)

2
 Layers of TCP/IP
Reference Model
• There are four layers of the TCP/IP
reference model
The ISO-OSI reference model is composed of
seven layers
• The next slide shows the mapping of the
ISO/OSI model to the TCP/IP model
• Note that the ISO/OSI model is more
widely used and accepted but the
TCP/IP model is easy to comprehend

3
ISO-OSI Seven Layer
Model Recalled
Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Session
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data Link
Layer 1 Physical

4
 ISO-OSI vs TCP/IP
Layers
Application

Application
Presentation

Session

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link
Network Access
Physical

5
 Layer Reference to
Protocol
Application
FTP, Telnet, SMTP,
Application
Presentation HTTP..

Session

Transport Host-to-Host TCP, UDP

Network Internet IP, ICMP, IGMP

Data Link Network Ethernet, Token-Ring,

Access FDDI, ...
Physical
6
 Layer Properties
• In the following slides, the
following is described for each
layer
Layer function
Core protocols
Relationship to ISO/OSI model

7
 Network Access Layer
• Responsible for sending and receiving
TCP/IP packets on the network medium
(physical/Data Link)
• Applicable LAN technologies
Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI etc.

8
 Some Core Protocols
• IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.5 and IEEE
802.11 series of protocols

9
Relationship to OSI
Model

Data Link Layer

Network Access
Layer
Physical Layer

10
 Internet Layer
• Packaging
Encapsulating PDUs in to manageable
sizes called packets
• Addressing
Adding addressing information to
packets (IP Address/logical address)
• Routing
Choosing the path based on the
addressing information.

11
 Core Internet Layer
Protocols
• IP
A connectionless unreliable protocol that is
part of the TCP/IP protocol suite
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses
• ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol)
Diagnostics and error reporting
• (IGMP) Internet Group Management
Protocol
Management of group multicast

12
 Resolution Protocol
(ARP)

IP
130.182.190.90 130.182.190.50

NIC ID HAW NIC ID

AA.BB.CC.DD AB.BD.CD.DE

Resolves, for example, IP addresses to the corresponding

MAC level hardware address by for instance broadcasting.
13
Relationship to ISO
Model

Network Layer Internet Layer

14
 Transport Layer
• Sequencing and transmission of
packets
• Acknowledgment of receipts
• Recovery of packets
• Flow control
• In essence, it engages in host-to-
host transportation of data packets
and the delivery of them to the
application layer
15
Core Protocols of the
Transport Layer

TCP
UDP (User
(Transmission
Datagram Protocol)
Control Protocol)

Transport Layer

16
 TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• One-to-one and connection-
oriented reliable protocol
• Used in the accurate transmission
of large amount of data
• Slower compared to UDP because
of additional error checking being
performed

17
 TCP – Transmission Control
Protocol
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
• Does not mean it has a physical connection between
sender and receiver
• TCP provides the function to allow a connection
virtually exists – also called virtual circuit
• TCP provides the functions:
• Dividing a chunk of data into segments
• Reassembly segments into the original chunk
• Provide further the functions such as reordering and
data resend
• Offering a reliable byte-stream delivery service

Network and System Administration for CS 18

 UDP
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• One-to-one or one-to-many,connectionless and
unreliable protocol
• Used for the transmission of small amount of
data
 Accuracy is not of prime concern
 The overhead of establishing a TCP connection is not
warranted
• Used in video and audio casting
 Multicasting
 Broadcasting
• Also used for multimedia transmission
• Faster compared to TCP

19
Relationship to ISO
Model

Transport Layer
and some Transport Layer
functions of the
Session Layer

20
 Application Layer
• Provides applications with the
ability to access the services of the
other layers
• New protocols and services are
always being developed in this
category

21
 Some Application Related
Application Layer Protocols
• HTTP
• FTP
• SMTP
• Telnet
Some LAN Management/Operation
Related Application Layer Protocols
• DNS
• RIP
• SNMP
22
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
• Protocol relating to web
applications
• Current version of HTTP 1.1 has
additional features
Upload information to the server
• Default port number is 80

23
 File Transfer Protocol
(FTP)
• File Transfer Protocol
Used for downloading from most MP3 sites,
for example
• Designed for faster file transfer over the
Internet compared to using the HTTP
protocol
• FTP sites can be configured alongside a
web site to support FTP file transfer
• FTP default ports are 20 and 21

24
 HTTP and FTP
• File transfer under FTP is faster
than file transfer under HTTP
• Choose an FTP site if there is one
for downloading files etc.

25
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)
• Governs the transmission of mail
messages and attachments
• SMTP is used in the case of
outgoing messages
• More powerful protocols such as
POP3 and IMAP4 are needed and
available to manage incoming
messages

26
 POP3/IMAP4
• Used for incoming mail
• POP3 is the older protocol
• IMAP4 is the more advanced
protocol

27
 Telnet
• Supports terminal emulation or
host sessions
• For example, Telnet can be used
for accessing a Unix machine and
emulating a terminal attached to
the Unix computer

28
 Domain Name System
(DNS)

Resolves domain names to IP addresses

and vice versa

www.refer.com DNS Server 130.182.125.66

29
 Domain Name
• Every computer has a network address
• e.g. 158.132.161.99
• To access a computer, we need to specify
its
network address
• Human beings are weak in memorizing
numbers
• We prefer computer name or domain name
• e.g. hkpu10.polyu.edu.hk
• Need a machine on the Internet to
convert name to number
30
Domain name hierarchy

Network and System Administration for CS 31

• An organization needs to register its domain name
• e.g. PolyU has registered its name to the domain
of edu.hk
• Once a domain name is assigned, the organization
is free to assign other names belong to its domain
• e.g. we can have
hkpu10.polyu.edu.hk
smtp.polyu.edu.hk
mail.polyu.edu.hk

Network and System Administration for CS 32

33
Routing Information Protocol
(RIP)

Network 1
Router Network 2

Network 1

Used by Routers to route

data packets on an IP Internet.
34
 Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)

Facilitates the management of SNMP compliant

routers, bridges, switches etc. by enabling
the collection and exchange of
network management information.
Router

Router Bridge

Remote
Switch Management
Console
35
 SNMP
• Used by network management
utilities to manage network
devices
• For example, a manageable hub
that support SNMP can be
managed from a remote location
using a SNMP based LAN
management software

36
Relationship to ISO
Model

Presentation Application Layer

Layer

37
 Ports
• TCP requires port numbers on the
host and destination for
communication
Different port numbers are assigned
to different protocols by default
• HTTP 80, Telnet 23, FTP 20/21, RPC 135,
NetBIOS 139 etc.
• Standard port numbers have been
assigned by the Internet Assigned
Number Authority (IANA)

38
 Using Port Numbers on
Addresses
• Standard access for web browsing
mail.ambou.edu.et
Default port of 80 is used in this case
• Non-standard access
http://mail.ambou.edu.et:7071
The port number 7071 is used in this
case to host the above web server

39
 Sample TCP Port
Numbers
20 FTP Data Channel
21 FTP Control Channel
23 Telnet
80 HTTP on WWW
135 RPC
139 NetBIOS Session
Services

Note: There are port numbers applicable to UDP as well.

40
41
 TCP/IP Application
Interface
• Applications require an Application
Programming Interface (API) to use the
services of TCP/IP
• API is a standardized interface between
the applications and the TCP/IP services
• Windows Sockets interface and NetBIOS
interface are two of the prominent
examples of Windows API

42
Summary of OSI Layers

Network and System Administration for CS 43

 TCP/IP PROTOCOL
SUITE
• The first layered protocol model for internetwork
communications was created in the early 1970s
and is referred to as the Internet model. It defines
four categories of functions that must occur for
communications to be successful. The architecture
of the TCP/IP protocol suite follows the structure of
this model. Because of this, the Internet model is
commonly referred to as the TCP/IP model.
• The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to
the OSI model. Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP
protocol suite do not match exactly with those in
the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite
was defined as four software layers built upon the
hardware. Network and System Administration for CS 44
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• Today, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer
model with the layers named similarly to the
ones in the OSI model.
Comparison between OSI and
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Here, two layers,
session and
presentation, are
missing from the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
These two layers were
not added to the
TCP/IP protocol suite
after the publication
of the OSI model. The
application layer in
the suite is usually
considered to be the
combination of three
layers in the OSI
model.
 Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP
Protocol Suite

• Two reasons were mentioned for

this decision.
• First, TCP/IP has more than one transport-layer
protocol. Some of the functionalities of the session
layer are available in some of the transport layer
protocols.
• Second, the application layer is not only one piece
of software. Many applications can be developed at
this layer. If some of the functionalities mentioned
in the session and presentation are needed for a
particular application, it can be included in the
development of that piece of software.