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Data_Transmission_Slides_16_30

Data is transmitted as electrical signals or electromagnetic waves, using mediums like copper wire and fiber optics, and is broken into packets for efficient transmission. Each packet contains a header, payload, and trailer, and can take different routes through the network, allowing for efficient bandwidth use. Various error detection methods, such as parity checks and checksums, ensure data integrity during transmission, while encryption methods are essential for securing data.

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6 views14 pages

Data_Transmission_Slides_16_30

Data is transmitted as electrical signals or electromagnetic waves, using mediums like copper wire and fiber optics, and is broken into packets for efficient transmission. Each packet contains a header, payload, and trailer, and can take different routes through the network, allowing for efficient bandwidth use. Various error detection methods, such as parity checks and checksums, ensure data integrity during transmission, while encryption methods are essential for securing data.

Uploaded by

excellencecentretuition
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How Data is Transmitted

• Data is transmitted as electrical signals (wired) or electromagnetic


waves (wireless).
• Signals represent binary data (1s and 0s).
• Transmission mediums: copper wire, fiber optic, radio waves.
• Data is broken into smaller packets before transmission.
What are Data Packets?

• Packets are small units of data sent over a network.


• Each packet has a header (sender/receiver info), payload (data),
and trailer (error check).
• Packets may take different routes and are reassembled at the
destination.
Structure of a Data Packet

• Header: Source & destination address, sequence number, control


info.
• Payload: The actual message data being transferred.
• Trailer: Error checking code, e.g., checksum or CRC.
Packet Switching

• Packets are sent independently through the network.


• Each packet can take a different route.
• Packets are reassembled at the receiving end.
• Efficient use of bandwidth and avoids congestion.
When to Use Packet Switching

• Used in internet communication, emails, file transfers.


• Ideal for data that can tolerate minor delays and reassembly.
• Not suitable for real-time communication like voice calls.
Hop Number (TTL – Time To Live)

• A value in the packet header that limits the number of routers (hops)
a packet can go through.
• Each router decreases the TTL by 1.
• When TTL reaches 0, the packet is discarded.
• Prevents infinite looping of undeliverable packets.
Error Detection – Parity Check

• Parity bits help detect single-bit errors in data.


• Even parity: number of 1s should be even.
• Odd parity: number of 1s should be odd.
• Limited to detecting odd-numbered errors.
Error Detection – Checksum

• Sender adds a checksum value to the data block.


• Receiver recalculates and compares it with sent checksum.
• If values don't match, data is retransmitted.
Error Detection – Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC)
• Uses polynomial division to calculate a CRC value.
• More powerful than parity or checksums.
• Can detect burst errors and is widely used in networks and storage
devices.
Error Detection – Automatic
Repeat reQuest (ARQ)
• Receiver sends acknowledgment (ACK) if data is correct.
• If no ACK is received or an error is found, sender resends data.
• Used in reliable data transfer protocols like TCP.
Error Detection – Echo Check

• Receiver sends data back to the sender.


• Sender compares returned data with the original.
• If mismatch, retransmission occurs.
• Simple but used mostly in diagnostics.
Error Detection – Check Digit

• A digit added to numbers (e.g., barcodes, bank accounts) to detect


errors.
• Calculated from other digits using a formula.
• Helps catch common input errors like mistyped digits.
Summary of Error Detection
Methods
• Parity Check: Basic, detects single-bit errors.
• Checksum: Simple summing method.
• CRC: Complex, detects burst errors.
• ARQ: Retransmits on error or timeout.
• Echo Check: Confirms data by round-trip.
• Check Digit: Used in IDs and codes.
Next Up: Encryption Methods

• Symmetric and Asymmetric encryption for data security.


• Ensures confidentiality of data over networks.
• Prevents unauthorized access and tampering.

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