Course code 8601

General Method of Teaching

Unit 1: Introduction to Teaching

Refined by:
ARFA RASHID
 Course Objectives
• To explain the basic concepts of teaching.
• To demonstrate the essential attributes of the effective teacher.
• To describe the importance and types of teacher planning.
• To practice different teaching methods in classroom.
• To organize classroom discussion and demonstrate its appropriate use.
• To apply various techniques to motivate students.
• To select appropriate audio visual aids in classroom teaching.
• To prepare lesson plans according to Individual Needs.
• To apply teaching skills on identifying learning difficulties in the classroom
• To select, prepare and use appropriate teaching materials
 Unit Objectives
1. Have a clear understanding of the concept of teaching.
2. Define teaching in more effective terms.
3. Debate on aspects of effective teaching.
4. Specify the personal and professional characteristics for making
the teaching more effective.
5. Discuss various ways of effective teaching.
6. Analyse your own teaching against factors of effective teaching.
7. Describe the role of teacher in making the learning environment
more conducive.
8. Analyse your own role as a classroom manager.
9. Compare your teaching methods, strategies and techniques with
model teachers’ methodologies.
 Introduction to Teaching

The teachers teach a course of study or a

practical skill to the student. Teachers use
different techniques in order to enhance the
students’ learning. Students respond differently
to different methods of teaching. There are
many different ways to teach and help students
to learn. A teacher considers students'
background knowledge, environment, and their
learning goals when going to decide what
teaching method should be used.
• Teaching derived from : to teach which means to instruct
• Process in which one individual makes something known to
another
individual
• Teaching is a bipolar process- John Adam ( NarrowStudent
Meaning)
Teacher

• Teaching is a tripolar process ( Broad

Meaning)
Teacher

Student Curriculum/ Society

• Teaching is an important part of the process of Education
• Its special function is to impart knowledge, develop understanding
and skill
• Teaching is communication between two or more persons, who
influence each other by ideas and learn something in the process of
interaction
• Teaching is a process in which learner, teacher curriculum and other
variables are organized in a systematic way to attain some pre
determined goals.
• Teaching includes all the activities of providing education to other.
Through teaching, the teacher aims at

Giving some knowledge to the students;

Passing some information to them;

Making the students acquire some skill;

Changing the attitude of the learners;

Modifying the behavior of the students;

Giving some experiences of life; etc.,

H.C. Morrison (1934): “teaching is an intimate contact between a
more mature personality and less mature one which is designed to
further the education of the latter.”
N. L, Gage(1962): “Teaching is a form of interpersonal influence
aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person” B.D.
Smith (1961): “Teaching is a system of actions intended to induce
learning.”
Albert Einstein : The supreme art of teaching is to awaken joy in
creative expression and knowledge
 Some assumptions about
teaching
 Teaching is a process not an event
 There is no one right way to teach, but there are many
ways to teach better
 Both teachers AND students are responsible for learning
 Learning is more likely to occur if the process has been
planned
 Assessment drives learning
 Learning occurs best in a relevant context And most
importantly...
 Teachers want to teach better
 Characteristics of Quality
Teaching
Alton-Lee (2003) has listed ten characteristics of quality
teaching
1.A focus on student achievement.
2.Pedagogical practices that create caring, inclusive and
cohesive learning communities.
3.Effective links between school and the cultural context
of the school.
4.Quality teaching is responsive to student learning
processes.
5.Learning opportunities are effective and sufficient.
 Characteristics of Quality
Teaching
6. Multiple tasks and contexts support learning cycles.
7. Curriculum goals are effectively aligned.
8. Pedagogy scaffolds feedback on students' task
engagement.
9. Pedagogy promotes learning orientations, student
self regulation, meta cognitive strategies and
thoughtful student discourse.
10.Teachers and students engage constructively in goal
oriented assessment (AltonLee, 2003: vi-x)
Students’ Learning Assistance
System
1. Modeling
2. Feeding back
3. Contingency
4. Directing
5. Questioning
6. Explaining
7. Task Structuring
 What is learning?
Criteria that indicates learning has occurred
involves :
 A change in a person’s behaviour or ability to
do something
 A condition that this change must result from
some sort of practice or experience
 A condition that the change is an enduring
one
1. Teaching is an interactive process
2. Teaching is both formal and informal
3. Teaching is art, craft as well science
4. Teaching is not one sided
5. Teaching is not an independent activity
6. Teaching is a planned activity
7. Teaching is diagnostic and remedial
8. Teaching is dominated by communication skills
9. Good teaching is democratic
10. Teaching causes motivation
11. Teaching is professional in character
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIVE

PRESCRIPTIVE
 DIAGNOSTIC

•Entering behavior of the student

•Initial potential of the student
•Educational Objectives
•Content, instructional material &environment
•His own potentials and capabilities
 PRESCRIPTIVE

•Selecting appropriate contents and organizing them

into proper sequence.
•Selecting proper teaching techniques, strategies and
feedback devices
in view of the individual difference among the students.
•Seeking essential cooperation from the students for a
purposeful interaction.
 EVALUATIVE

• Realization of the stipulated objectives.

• Various evaluation devices in the form of tests, observations,
interviews, rating scales, inventories and unstructured projective
techniques are help in exercising evaluative functions.

• Failure in the realization of the objectives is essentially a failure in the

prescriptive or diagnostic functions.

• Students are more active.
The other general functions of
teaching are:
• Creating learning situations.
• Motivating the child to learn.
• Diagnosing learning problems.
• Making curricular material.
• Explain and inform.
• Initiation, Direction and Administration.
 Effective Teaching

Effective teaching ensures the achievement of

all SLOs of the students by involving them in
activities and keeping in that maximum number
of students are engaged in the lesson and
achievement scores of make high in a
conducive environment.
It is not only just teaching but also influencing
and inspiring.
Aspects of Effective Teaching

1. Effectively managing a classroom,

2. Starting each class with a clear objective,
3. Engaging students with questioning strategies,
4. Consolidating the lesson at the end of a period,
and
5. Diagnosing common student errors and correcting
them that can be systematically measured by
observing classrooms and by asking students.
 Effective Teaching Measures

1. multiple measures of effectiveness

2. accurate teacher evaluation
3. more meaningful tenure
4. differentiated pay based on effectiveness
5. strategic placement of teachers
6. more effective teachers
7. better student outcomes
The aims and desired learning outcomes of
effective teaching bring positive changes in
the following areas:

•Knowledge
•Abilities
•Mindset
 Principles of Effective
Teaching
1. Outcomes
2. Clarity
3. Engagement
4. Enthusiasm
 Factors of Effective Teaching

1. Teacher Knowledge, Enthusiasm and Responsibility for

Learning
2. Classroom Activities That Encourage Learning
3. Assessment Activities That Encourage Learning Through
Experience
4. Effective Feedback That Establishes the Learning Processes in
the Classroom
5. Effective Interaction between the Teacher and the Students,
Creating an Environment That Respects, Encourages and
Stimulates Learning through Experience
 TEACHER
A teacher is a person who facilitates education for an
individual.
A teacher is a person who helps people to learn.
A teacher often works in a classroom.
A teacher is someone who helps others learn new
things.
 PROFESSIONAL TEACHER
It refer to teachers who represent the best in the
profession and set the highest standard for best
practice.
Being a professional means teaching to the highest
standards and building relationships amongst the
whole school community.
A professional teacher is someone who teaches as
their profession. They are educated specifically in
methods of teaching, and they hold a certification.
 WHAT IS EFFECTIVENESS?

Effectiveness is a concept when we consider the complex

task of teaching. Some researchers define teacher
effectiveness in terms of student achievement.
As a teacher's influence is far reaching, it is challenging to
define what outcomes might demonstrate effectiveness
and how those outcomes should be measured.
 Characteristics of an Effective Teacher

1. Fairness
2. Positive Attitude
3. Preparedness
4. Sense of Humor
5. Creativity
6. Willingness to Admit Mistakes
7. Forgiving
8. Respect
9. Sense of Belonging
 TEACHING
TEACHING APPROACH
It is a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the nature of
learning which is translated into the classroom.

TEACHING STRATEGY
It is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular
goal.

TEACHING METHOD
It is a systematic way of doing something. It implies an orderly
logical arrangement of steps. It is more procedural.

TEACHING TECHNIQUE
It is a well-defined procedure used to accomplish a specific
activity or task.
 Role of Teacher for Conducive
Learning Environment
1. Teaching knowledge
2. Creating classroom environment
3. Role of modeling
4. Mentoring
5. Signs of trouble
Characteristics of an Effective
Teacher
Personal qualities
•strong interpersonal and communication skills
•a genuine interest in children and respect for their individuality
•the ability to sense children's individual needs
•the ability to be creative, imaginative, patient, energetic, organized
and resourceful
•the ability to establish rapport children and parents
•strong leadership and teamwork skills and a good sense of humour
•a high level of dedication to work which often impacts personal
lifestyle choices
•a clear, pleasant speaking voice and the ability to convey confidence
•positive conflict resolution skills and the ability to handle stress well.
 Characteristics of an Effective
Teacher
According to Thompson, Greer, and Greer (n.d):
1.Fairness
2.Positive attitude
3.Preparedness
4.Personal touch
5.Sense of humor
6.Creativity
7.Willingness to admit mistakes
8.Forgiving
9.Respect
10.High expectations
11.Compassion
12.Sense of belonging
 Characteristics of an Effective
Teacher
1. Exhibit enthusiasm
2. Know your content
3. Be organized
4. Teach actively
5. Show a good attitude
6. Establish successful classroom management
7. Pace instruction
8. Maintain good people skills
9. Communicative
10. Question effectively
11. Differentiate instruction
12. Build success into your class
13. Hold high expectations
14. Create a pleasant atmosphere
15. Be flexible
 Professional Qualities

1. Collaboration
2. Honesty and integrity
3. Respect
4. Commitment to learning
5. Emotional maturity
6. Leadership and responsibility
 The Concept of Teaching
Methodologies, Strategies and
Techniques
Teaching Methods and Strategies
1.Lecture
2.Case method
3.Discussion method
4.Active learning
5.Cooperative learning
6.Integrating technology
7.Distance learning
8.Questioning
9.Explaining
10.Modeling
11.Demonstrating
12.Collaborating
 Teaching Techniques

1. Brainstorming
2. Problem-solving method
3. Cooperative learning technique
4. Drama technique
 New Themes in Teaching

• Individual learning needs

• Knowledge of result
• The textbooks
• Level of intelligence and prior knowledge
• Career counseling
 Activity

Point out your ideas/opinion of teaching and

tutor which teaching method is more effective.
(in your words) Urdu or english