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1-28-14 - Lecture 7 - Chapter4 (3)

Chapter 4 discusses early quantum theory, focusing on concepts such as ionization energy, atomic structure, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It highlights key developments in the field, including Planck's quantization of energy and Einstein's photoelectric effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of light. The chapter concludes with the wave-particle duality of electrons and the transition from classical to quantum mechanics.

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1-28-14 - Lecture 7 - Chapter4 (3)

Chapter 4 discusses early quantum theory, focusing on concepts such as ionization energy, atomic structure, and the electromagnetic spectrum. It highlights key developments in the field, including Planck's quantization of energy and Einstein's photoelectric effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of light. The chapter concludes with the wave-particle duality of electrons and the transition from classical to quantum mechanics.

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CHAPTER 4

Early Quantum Theory


Ionization Energy
& Atomic Number
Electrons Arranged in
Shells
Group 1 atoms
Observing Atoms
Spectroscopy: the analysis of the light emitted or
absorbed by substances.

Spectrum of Excited Hydrogen Gas


Light is Electromagnetic
Radiation
• Electromagnetic radiation = consists of
energy propagated by means of electric
and magnetic fields.

– ALL electromagnetic radiation travels at a


speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s (speed of light)
Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic Radiation
Radiation

wavelength Red light

Blue light
Amplitude
• Wave terms
 frequency
wavelength Node
 wavelength
 amplitude
 node
Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic Radiation
Radiation
• Waves have a frequency of oscillation and a wavelength

– Use the Greek letter “nu”, , for frequency

• units are Hertz or cycles per sec, s-1

– Use the Greek letter lambda, , for wavelength

  = c
where c = velocity of light

Long wavelength  small frequency


Short wavelength  high frequency
Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Spectrum
Long wavelength  small frequency
Short wavelength  high frequency
Frequency determines color

increasing increasing
frequency wavelength
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electro
Electromagnetic
magnetic Spectrum
Spectrum
State of Science in 1900
• Light and other radiation described by Maxwell’s
equations
• Motion of particles described by Newton’s equations
• Thought that most problems had been solved and
understood
• Unsolved problems: blackbody radiation,
photoelectric effect, line spectra of atoms and
molecules
• Most scientists thought these would soon be solved
and the universe understood.
Black-body Radiation

Credit: http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/923/4501
Revolution in Science
• 1900 - Planck explained blackbody radiation using
quantized energy
• 1905 - Einstein explained photoelectric effect using
quantized energy
• 1905 – Einstein published special theory of relativity
• 1913 – Bohr theory of the atom
• 1923 – deBroglie wave hypothesis
• 1925 - Schrödinger wave mechanics
• 1925 – Heisenberg matrix mechanics
• 1927 – electron diffraction confirms deBroglie
Quantization
Quantization of
of Energy
Energy
An object can gain or lose energy by
Max Planck (1858-1947) absorbing or emitting radiant energy in
discrete amounts or QUANTA.

Energy of radiation is proportional to frequency

E == hh
E
h = Planck’s constant = 6.6260693 x 10-34 J s
Photoelectric
Photoelectric Effect
Effect

Experiment
demonstrates the
particle nature of
light.
Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric
Photoelectric Effect
Effect

Classical theory said that kinetic


energy of ejected electron
should increase with increase
in light intensity—not observed!
• No e- observed until light of a
certain minimum frequency A. Einstein
(energy) is used. (1879-1955)
• Velocity of ejected electrons
increases with frequency
E = h
Photoelectric
Photoelectric Effect
Effect

We can understand all experimental observations if


light consists of particles called PHOTONS –
packets of discrete energy

E = h
Figure 7.4

Different
behaviors
of waves
and
particles.
Figure 7.5
The diffraction pattern caused by light passing through two adjacent
slits.
Quantum or Wave Mechanics

de
de Broglie
Broglie (1924)
(1924) proposed
proposed
that
that all
all moving
moving objects
objects have have
wave
wave properties.
properties.
For light: E =
For light: E = mc mc 22

EE == h
h == hchc // 
Louis de Broglie Therefore,
Therefore, mc mc == hh // 
(1892-1987) and
and forfor particles
particles
(mass)(velocity) == hh // 
(mass)(velocity)
Figure 7.13
Comparing diffraction patterns of x-rays and electrons.

X-ray diffraction of aluminum Electron diffraction of aluminum


Wave Particle Duality

• Electrons (and other atomic entities) exhibit


properties of both waves and particles.
• When around a nucleus, an electron behaves
like a wave with regions of constructive
interference and regions of destructive
interference (nodes).
• When moving freely, an electron may behave
more like a particle.
Figure 7.14

Summary of
the major
observations
and theories
leading from
classical
theory to
quantum
theory.

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