Scribd
Upload
14 views31 pages

Cellular Level of Life-Part 1

The document provides an overview of cellular structures and functions, defining key terms such as cells, cell division, and cell biology. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing the components and functions of various cell parts, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Additionally, it explains the roles of organelles and membrane proteins in cellular processes.

Uploaded by

yanesminjel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views31 pages

Cellular Level of Life-Part 1

The document provides an overview of cellular structures and functions, defining key terms such as cells, cell division, and cell biology. It distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detailing the components and functions of various cell parts, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Additionally, it explains the roles of organelles and membrane proteins in cellular processes.

Uploaded by

yanesminjel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Cellular level of Life

Cell Structures
Cellular functions

David Bryan P. Galiste


Definition of Terms:

1.Cell: living structural and


functional units enclosed by a
membrane “building blocks of
life”

2.Cell division: the division of a cell


into two identical cells

3.Cell biology: the study of cellular


structure and function
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
cells
Greek word:
“pro” = before
“eu” = true
“karyon” = nucleus –
considered to be the brain
of the cell

Prokaryote: do not have


nucleus and is primitive in
nature
For additional information:

The oldest known multicellular


eukaryote is believed to be Grypania
spiralis, whose fossil dates back to
about 2.1 billion years.
Functions of the CELL
1. Cell metabolism and energy use:
chemical reactions that occur in living
organisms in order to maintain life.
 metabolic pathways: anabolism
and catabolism
2. Synthesis of molecules: such as
biomolecules
3. Communication: sending and
receiving of signals
4. Reproduction and inheritance:
mitosis and meiosis
The Parts of the Cell
a. Plasma membrane
b. Cytoplasm
c. Nucleus

A. Plasma Membrane:
- forms the cell’s flexible outer surface,
separating the cell’s internal
environment (intracellular) from the
external environment (extracellular)
- is a selective barrier that regulates
the flow of materials into and out of a
cell
- Permeable
- Fluid structure
Fluid-mosaic model
The Lipid Bilayer

MAJOR LIPIDS IN MAMMALIAN MEMBRANES:


1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS – 2 major groups of which
are a.)PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE which are the more
common and
b.)SPHINGOMYELINS.
2. GLYCOPHOSPHOLIPIDS – they are sugar
containing lipids
3. FREE CHOLESTEROL – most common
cholesterol in membranes; generally more abundant
toward the outside of the plasma membrane.

All 3 are amphiphatic, they have hydrophilic head


and hydrophobic tail.
About 6-7 um thick, non-rigid, fluid(at the normal
cell temp.) and very flexible.
Membrane Proteins
- 20-80% of membrane mass.

- Many are “glycoproteins” – proteins with


carbohydrates (extracellular fluid)

- Glycocalyx – formation of an extensive sugary


coat of the carbohydrates of the glycoproteins
and glycolipids
 acts like a molecular signature
 adherence of cells
 protects cells from being digested
by enzymes
 attraction of fluid to the cell
membrane – makes blood cell slippery as they
move along blood vessels
Types & Functions of Membrane
Proteins:
1. EXTRINSIC/PERIPHERAL PROTEINS – loosely
attached to the membrane surface.
 Cell-identity markers: enable to recognize cell of
the same kind during tissue formation or foreign
substances

2. INTRINSIC/INTEGRAL PROTEIN – embodied in


the membrane structure and may be extended
completely through the membrane.
 Ion channels: pores/holes where ions can enter or
flow; they are selective (only allow specific ions)
 Carriers/Transporters: selectively moving a
polar/ion substance from one membrane to another
 Receptors: cellular recognition sites **ligand:
specific molecule that binds to a receptor
B. Cytoplasm:
- consists of all the cellular contents
between the plasma membrane and
the nucleus.

a. Cytosol (intracellular fluid): the fluid


portion of cytoplasm, contains water,
dissolved solutes, and suspended
particles
Site of biochemical processes
Where organelles are located

b. Organelles: “little organ”;


ORGANELL
ES
1. RIBOSOMES – site of protein synthesis
-Ribosomes associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize
proteins destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or
secretion from the cell.
-Free ribosomes synthesize proteins used in the cytosol.

2. Endoplasmic reticulum - a network of membrane- enclosed


sacs or tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and
connect to the nuclear envelope. Endoplasmic – “within the
cytoplasm” Reticulum – “little net”
Functions:
a. Rough ER synthesizes glycoproteins and
phospholipids that are transferred into cellular
organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane,
or secreted during exocytosis.

b. Smooth ER synthesizes fatty acids and


steroids, such as
estrogens and testosterone; inactivates or
detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful
substances; removes the phosphate group from
glucose-6-phosphate; and stores and releases
calcium ions that trigger contraction in muscle
cells.
3. Golgi apparatus
- named after Camillo Golgi, an Italian cytologist.
- usually located near the nucleus.
- secretory vesicles.
- accurate sorting and “packaging” of protein form selective export is
one of the major functions.
4. Secretory Vesicles
- a small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores
materials within cells

5. Lysosomes (lyso=dissolving; somes=bodies)


– membrane-surrounded spherical vesicles formed in the
Golgi complex
- contain many enzymes capable of digesting.

6. Peroxisomes (peroxi=peroxides)
- Also called microbodies, contain several oxidases,
enzymes that can oxidize (remove hydrogen
atoms from) various organic substances.
- Hydrogen peroxide
7. Mitochondria
- second largest organelles of the cell.
- may appear as sphere, rod, cigar-shaped or filamentous bodies under
electron microscope.
- “powerhouse” of the cell since ATP generation by oxidative
phosphorylation.

Function
Generate ATP through reactions of
aerobic cellular respiration.
8. Cytoskeleton
- network of protein filaments that extends throughout the
cytosol
a. Microtubules
- largest of the cytoskeletal components and are long, unbranched
hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin.

b. Microfilaments
- thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. They are composed of the
protein actin.
Functions: They help generate movement and provide mechanical
support.

c. Intermediate filaments
- Are found in parts of cells subject to mechanical stress, help
stabilize the position of organelles such as the nucleus, and help
attach cells to one another.
9. Centrosome - located near the nucleus, consists of two
components: a pair of centrioles (cylindrical structures, each
composed of nine clusters of three microtubules (triplets)
arranged in a circular pattern and pericentriolar (contains
hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of the protein
tubulin) material
10. Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli
a. Cilia – are numerous, short, hair-like projections that extend
from the surface of the cell
Function: movement of substances (mucus) along the cell
surface

b. Flagella – whip-like structure similar to cilia but are typically


much longer.
Function: propels the cell itself

c. Microvilli – finger-like extensions


Function: increase cell’s surface area to increase absorption
activity
C. Nucleus:
- a large organelle that houses most of
a cell’s DNA. For cells, it is the control
center.

a. chromosomes: contains hereditary


units called genes

b. Nucleolus: consists mostly of RNA


and proteins
Nuclear envelope
- Double membrane barrier of nucleus
- Has two closely paired membranes separated by a narrow
space creating nuclear pores (allowing some substances
to pass through)

Nucleoplasm
- Jelly-like fluid in which other nuclear elements are
suspended

Nucleoli
- Little nucleus
- Sites where ribosomes are assembled

Chromatin
- a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes
within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

You might also like