Circulatory

System
 What is a Circulatory
The System?
circulatory
system, is an organ system
that permits blood to
circulate and transport
nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, and
blood cells to and from the
cells in the body to provide
nourishment and help in
fighting diseases and to
maintain homeostasis.
 What is a Circulatory
System?
• Circulatory system is made up of
heart, blood and blood vessels
which each of this has its own
function.
• The heart pumps blood
throughout your body through
the blood vessels. Blood delivers
oxygen and nutrients to cells and
https://sciencephotogallery.com/
carries away carbon dioxide and
featured/79-cardiovascular-system-
pixologicstudioscience-photo- other waste materials.
library.html
 What is a Circulatory
System?
The cells of the body need to
continuous supply of gases and
nutrients, and the regular
elimination of waste materials.
Simple animals like sponges,
corals and jellyfish have no need
for circulatory systems. They
exchange oxygen and nutrients
https://sciencephotogallery.com/
featured/79-cardiovascular-system-
present in water by diffusion.
pixologicstudioscience-photo-
library.html
 The Human Circulatory
System
Humans, just like other vertebrates,
have a closed circulatory system. The
system is composed of heart, blood
vessels, blood, lymph, lymph vessels,
and associated organs, such as the
thymus, spleen, and liver.
 The Human Circulatory
System
The main function of the human
circulatory system are: 1) to transport
gasses, nutrients, waste materials,
hormones, hormones, enzymes, gases
and heat within the body; 2) to assist in
the maintenance of fluid balance; 3) to
prevent loss of blood within the blood
vessels by the process called clotting;
and 4) to help fight infection or invasion
https://pngtree.com/free-png-
vectors/circulatory of the body microorganisms.
 HEART
Heart is an organ that
pumps blood throughout
the body via the circulatory
system, supplying oxygen
and nutrients to the tissues
and removing carbon
dioxide and other wastes.

https://pngtree.com/so/cardiovascular-system
 HEART
The heart is a large muscle, about the size of your clenched
fist, that pumps blood through repeated rhythmic
contractions. The heart is situated in your thorax, just behind
your breastbone, in space called pericardial cavity. The heart
is enclosed by a double protective membrane, called the
pericardium. The region between two pericardium layers is
filled with pericardial fluid which protects the heart from
shock and enables the heart to contract without friction.
 HEART
The heart is a muscle and consists of four chambers. The
upper two chambers of the heart are called atria (singular
“atrium”), are receiving chambers. The two atria are
separated by the inter-atrial- septum. The lower two
chambers of the heart are known as ventricles, are pumping
chambers and are separated from each other by the
interventricular septum. The ventricles have more muscular
walls than the atria, and the walls of the right ventricle, which
supplies blood to the lungs is less muscular than the walls of
the left ventricle, which must pump blood to the whole body.
 HEART
In order to make sure that blood flows
in only one direction (forward), and to
prevent backflow of the blood, there
are valves between the atria and
ventricles. These valves only open in
one direction, to let blood into
ventricles, and are flapped shut by the
pressure of the blood when the
ventricles contract. https://pngtree.com/so/
cardiovascular-system
 HEART
The tricuspid valve is situated between the right atrium and
the right ventricle while the bicuspid/ mitral valve is found
between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Strong
tendinouscords (chordae tendineae)attached to valves
prevent them from turning inside out when they close. The
semi-lunar- valves are located at the bottom of the aorta and
pulmonary artery, and prevent blood from re-entering the
ventricles after it has been pumped out of the heart.
 The heart is the key organ in
circulatory system. As a hollow,
muscular pump, its main function
is to propel blood throughout the
body. It usually beats from 60 to
100 times per minute, but can go
much faster if necessary. It beats
about 100,000 times a day, more
than 30 million times per year, and
https://pngtree.com/freepng/illustration-of- about 2.5 billion times in a 70-
human-circulatory-system_14617498.html
year lifetime.
 HEART BEAT
The cardiac cycle is the
sequence of events that
occurs when the heart
beats. As the heart beats, it
circulates blood through
pulmonary and systematic
circuits of the body
 HEART BEAT
There are two phases of the cardiac cycle. In the
diastole phase, the heart ventricles are relaxed the
heart fills with blood. In the systole phase, the
ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart and
to arteries. One cardiac cycle is completed when the
heart chambers fill with blood and blood is then
pumped out of the heart
HEART BEAT
The events of the cardiac
cycle described below the
trace the path of blood as it
enters the heart, is pumped
to the lungs, travels back to
the heart, and is pumped
out to the rest of the body
HEART BEAT
It is important to note that
the events that occur in the
first and second diastole
periods actually happen at
the same time. The same is
also true for the events of
the first and second systole
periods.
HEART BEAT
During the cardiac cycle,
the electrical events in the
heart muscle can be
recorded using an
electrocardiogram or ECG.
Many heart problems are
diagnosed using the ECG.
 HEART BEAT
The cardiac cycle can also be felt through the
pulsation of arteries. You can feel your pulse by
replacing two fingers lightly cover the wrist just
below the thumb. Blood surges through the
arteries of your arm are hand during diastole,
and you feel the pulsating of the artery in your
wrist. This gives your pulse rate
 BLOOD VESSELS
The blood vessels function
is to transport blood
throughout the body. There
are three kinds of blood
vessels, these are: arteries,
veins, and capillaries.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.turbosquid.com%2F3d-model%2Fblood-
vessel&psig=AOvVaw0ONgD1tTTxeHVU2YwhzYPz&ust=1708
613838424000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0
CBMQjRxqGAoTCICCuNrYvIQDFQAAAAAdAAAAABCsAQ
 ARTERIES
it carries oxygen-rich blood
away from the heart to all the
body’s tissues. They branch
several times, becoming
smaller and smaller as they
https://byjus.com/biology/blood-vessels-diagram/
carry blood farther from the
heart and into organs
 VEINS
These are the blood vessels that take blood back from
to the heart; this blood contains less oxygen and is rich
in waste products that are to be excreted or removed
from the body. Veins become larger as they get closer to
the heart. The superior vena cava is the large vein that
brings blood from the head and arms to the heart, and
the inferior vena cava brings blood from the abdomen
and legs into the heart.
 CAPILLARIES
These are small, thin blood
vessels that connect the
arteries and the veins. Their
thin walls allow oxygen,
nutrients, carbon dioxide,
and other waste products to
pass to and from cells https://byjus.com/biology/blood-vessels-diagram/
 BLOOD
Blood has many different functions, including:
• Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and
tissues.
• Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
• Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.
• Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver,
which filter and clean the blood.
• Regulating body temperature.
 BLOOD
The blood that runs through the veins, arteries,
and capillaries is known as whole blood, a
mixture of about 55 percent plasma and 45
percent blood cells. About 7 to 8 percent of your
total body weight is blood. An average-sized man
has about 12 pints of blood in his body, and an
average-sized woman has about nine pints.
 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) – the most abundant cell in the
blood, accounting for about 40 to 45 percent of its volume. It is small,
numerous, biconcave in shape, and without a nucleus. The red blood
cell survives on average only 120 days. The destruction of old RBC’s
takes place in the spleen and liver. The production of RBC’s occurs
continuously in the bone marrow under the control of erythropoietin,
a growth factor. This factor is now a biotechnology product, and can
be useful in treating those suffering from anemia (a deficiency in
hemoglobin accompanied by a decrease in the number of RBC’s).
The RBC contains a pigment, hemoglobin, which combines with
oxygen thereby transporting gases.
 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) –
they are much fewer in number
than red blood cells but are always
nucleated, accounting for 1 percent
of your blood. They defend body
against infection by searching and
destroying foreign cells or bacteria.
When one has wound, there is
swelling and reddening at the
injured site, a reaction called
inflammation reaction.
 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Platelets (thrombocytes) – unlike red and white blood cells,
platelets are not actually cells but rather small fragments of cells
without nucleus. Platelets help the blood clotting process or
coagulation. When a blood vessel is damaged, collagen fibers are
exposed. This stimulates the platelets to adhere, get sticky and form
a platelet plug. The platelets and the injured tissue release many
clotting factors, most which are produced in the liver. The clotting
factor converts prothrombin to thrombin, in the presence of calcium.
Thrombin, in turn, act as an enzyme which converts fibrinogen into
fibrin threads. The latter will wind around the platelet plug and
entangle the RBCs forming the clot which appears reddish.
 COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
Plasma – the liquid component
of blood, a mixture of water,
sugar, fat, protein, and salts.
The main job of the plasma is to
transport blood cells throughout
your body along with nutrients,
waste products, antibodies,
clotting proteins, chemical
messengers such as hormones,
and proteins that help maintain
the body’s fluid balance.
 BLOOD TYPING
The blood type is determined by what kind of
antigens your red blood cells have on the
surface. Antigens are substances that help
your body differentiate between its own cells
and foreign, potentially dangerous ones. If
your body thinks a cell is foreign, it will set out
to destroy it
 BLOOD TYPING
The ABO blood typing system groups your
blood into one of four categories:

• Type A has the A antigen.

• Type B has the B antigen.
• Type AB has both A and B antigens.
• Type O has neither A nor B antigens.
 BLOOD TYPING
If blood with antigens that you don’t have
enters your system, your body will create
antibodies against it. However, some people
can still safely receive blood they receive
doesn’t have any antigens that mark it as
foreign, their bodies wont attack it.
 BLOOD TYPING
• O: Type O individuals can donate blood to anyone, because
their blood has no antigens. However, they can only receive
blood with any antigens is seen as foreign.
• A: Type A individuals can donate to other type A individuals and
type AB individuals. Type A individuals can receive blood only
from other type A individuals and type O individuals.
• B: Type B individuals can donate blood to other B individuals
and AB individuals. Type B individuals receive blood only from
type B individuals and type O individuals.
• AB: Type AB individuals can give blood only to other AB
individuals, but can receive blood of any type.
Effects of Aging on the Heart and
Blood Vessels
• As people age, the heart tends to enlarge slightly,
developing thicker walls and slightly larger chambers.
The increase in size is mainly due to an increase in
the size of individual heart muscle cells. The age-
related stiffening of the heart walls causes the left
ventricle to not fill as well and can sometimes lead to
heart failure (called diastolic heart failure or heart
failure with preserved ejection fraction), especially in
older people with other diseasessuch as
high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes.
Effects of Aging on the Heart and
Blood Vessels
• During rest, the older heart functions in almost the
same way as a younger heart, except the heart rate
(number of times the heart beats within a minute) is
slightly lower. Also, during exercise, older people's
heart rate does not increase as much as in younger
people
Effects of Aging on the Heart and
Blood Vessels
The walls of the arteries and arterioles become thicker,
and the space within the arteries expands slightly.
Elastic tissue within the walls of the arteries and
arterioles is lost. Together, these changes make the
vessels stiffer and less resilient. Since the arteries and
arterioles are less elastic, blood pressure cannot adjust
quickly when people stand, and older people are at risk
for dizziness or in some cases fainting when they stand
up suddenly.
Effects of Aging on the Heart and
Blood Vessels
Because arteries and arterioles become less elastic as
people age, they cannot relax as quickly during the
rhythmic pumping of the heart. As a result, blood
pressure increases more when the heart contracts
(during systole)—sometimes above normal—than it
does in younger people. Abnormally high blood pressure
during systole with normal blood pressure during
diastole is very common among older people. This
disorder is called isolated systolic hypertension.
Effects of Aging on the Heart and
Blood Vessels
Many of the effects of aging on the heart and
blood vessels can be reduced by regular
exercise. Exercise helps people maintain
cardiovascular fitness as well as muscular
fitness as they age. Exercise is beneficial
regardless of the age at which it is started.