Wave Dynamics

MYP 2
What does the previous image tell you?

How can you relate it with the key concepts of science?

 Exploration-
Global Displacement
Related
Context- and exchange,
Key Concept- Concept-
Orientation in Scale,
Relationship Form,
space and Duration,
Movement
time Frequency
and variability
Topics to be covered

What does a wave tell us?)

Oscillation and equilibrium
Waves and its types (longitudinal and transverse)
Properties of waves, such as amplitude, wavelength, timeperiod and frequency.
Behavior of waves, including reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
Light and sound waves
Comparison of eye and camera
Properties of electromagnetic spectrum
Application of light and sound waves
Statement of Inquiry - Examining the relationships
between form, movement, and orientation can
help humans to redefine space and time.
ATL Skills:
C

I. Communication skills
Exchanging thoughts, messages and information effectively through
interaction
Give and receive meaningful feedback
Use a variety of media to communicate with a range of audiences
Negotiate ideas and knowledge with peers and teachers

Social
II. Collaboration skills
Working effectively with others
Make fair and equitable decisions
Listen actively to other perspectives and ideas
Create your own definition for waves using the following key terms.

Energy

Particles
Medium

Disturbanc
e

Net
Wave
movement
See - Think - Wonder

Watch the video and answer the following questions.

The "Mexican Wave" at Arsenal's Emirates Stadium - YouTube

1. What do you see?

2. What does it make you think?
3. What does it make you wonder?
Waves
A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net
movement of particles.
● Transfers energy.
● Usually involves a periodic, repetitive movement
● Examples: Sound waves Light waves (sunlight, laser)
● Water waves (ocean ripples)

Longitudinal waves
Transverse waves ● A longitudinal wave has
the movement of the
● Waves in which the particles in the medium in
medium moves at right the same dimension as the
angles to the direction direction of movement of
of the wave. the wave.
Structure of Waves
How is wave measured

Amplitude - The amplitude of any periodic motion is the maximum displacement that a particle suffers from the initial position
during the vibration. It is denoted by the letter A and has the dimension of length.

Wavelength - Wavelength of a wave is the distance between two similar points in a wave. For example, wavelength of a wave
can be taken as the distance between two peaks or two troughs in a wave. It is denoted by λ and has the dimension of length.

Frequency - The number of complete vibrations that a particle performs per second is called the frequency of the vibration. It is
denoted by the letter f and has the dimension of time inverse and the SI unit of frequency is given by Hertz (Hz).

Frequency is related to wavelength as, f=v/λ

where v is the speed of the wave.

Time period - It is defined as the time taken by the wave to complete one cycle.
The relation between frequency and time period is:

Frequency = 1 / time perio d

Waves Intro (colorado.edu)
Graphical representation of frequency and time period
Process the data using the formula and plot it on the graph. Ensure the
presentation of following points.

1. Graph title
2. Axes and labels with unit
3. Scale Frequency (Hz) Time period (sec)

50

40

30

20

10
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Wave equation: velocity = frequency x wavelength

A wave with a speed of 340 m/s has a wavelength of 0.85 meters.

Calculate the frequency of this wave.

A wave with a speed of 300 m/s and a frequency of 50 Hz passes

through a medium. What is the wavelength of this wave?

The period of a wave is the time it takes for one complete cycle. If a
wave has a frequency of 20 Hz, what is its period in seconds?

A wave with a speed of 40 m/s has a wavelength of 0.85 meters.

Calculate the frequency of this wave.
Activity: Making a pinhole camera

Hodder activity: pages 100

Wave properties : Reflection, refraction & Diffraction

Reflection : Reflection of waves refers to the phenomenon where a wave, such as a

light wave, sound wave, or water wave, changes direction upon encountering a boundary or
surface and bounces back into the original medium.
Behaviour of Waves
Refraction of wave

Refraction of waves refers to the change in direction and speed of a

wave as it passes from one medium to another with different densities.
This phenomenon occurs because the wave changes its speed when it
enters a new medium, causing it to bend at the interface between the
two media.
Diffraction of waves
Diffraction of waves refers to the bending and spreading out of waves
as they pass through an opening or around the edges of an obstacle.
This phenomenon occurs with all types of waves, including light, soun
and water waves, and is more pronounced when the size of the open
or obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of the wave.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Types of electromagnetic waves & uses
## #
| Type of Wave | Common Uses |
|------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| **Radio Waves** | Communication (radio, TV, cell phones), navigation (GPS), radio astronomy |
| **Microwaves** | Cooking (microwave ovens), communication (satellites, Wi-Fi), radar (aviation, weather) |
| **Infrared (IR)**| Thermal imaging (night vision, heat sensors), remote controls, medical applications
(infrared therapy) |
| **Visible Light**| Illumination (lighting), photography and videography, medical diagnostics (endoscopy) |
| **Ultraviolet (UV)**| Sterilization (medical equipment, water), forensics (detecting substances), tanning
(tanning beds) |
| **X-rays** | Medical imaging (diagnosing fractures, dental issues), security (airport scanners),
astronomy |
| **Gamma Rays** | Medical treatment (cancer radiotherapy), sterilization (medical equipment, food),
scientific research (nuclear reactions) |
This table summarizes the different types of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum and their common uses.
Check your understanding

Question:

"Explain how the different types of waves in the electromagnetic

spectrum are used in everyday life, including their impact on
technology, communication, and medicine.
How are we sensitive to energy that travels as wave
questions:

"Describe how the human eye functions to detect and interpret light.

The human eye is a complex organ that works together with the brain
to detect and interpret light, enabling vision. The process of vision
involves several key structures, each playing an important role in
focusing light and sending visual information to the brain for
interpretation.
questions
Explain the role of the cornea, pupil & Iris , retina, and optic nerve in the process of vision.

Cornea

Function: The cornea is the transparent, curved outer layer of the eye. It is responsible for bending (refracting) light as it enters the eye. The
cornea helps focus light onto the retina.
Pupil and Iris
Function of the Iris: The iris is the colored part of the eye, and it controls the size of the pupil (the black circular opening in the center of the
iris). The pupil regulates the amount of light that enters the eye. In bright light, the iris constricts the pupil to limit light intake. In dim light, the iris
dilates the pupil to allow more light to enter.
Retina
Function: The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It contains two types of photoreceptor cells:
Rods: These cells are responsible for vision in low-light conditions (night vision) and detect shades of grey. They are more sensitive to light but
cannot detect color.
Cones: These cells are responsible for color vision and visual sharpness. They work best in bright light and detect red, green, and blue
wavelengths of light, allowing us to perceive a full range of colors.
Optic Nerve
Function: The optic nerve transmits the electrical signals from the retina to the brain, specifically to the visual cortex, where the signals are
processed and interpreted as images.
Sound waves

A sound is a vibration that propagates through a medium in the form of a mechanical wave.

The medium in which it propagates can either be a solid, a liquid or a gas.

Sound travels fastest in solids, relatively slower in liquids and slowest in gases.

When the atoms are set in vibration they move back and forth. This continuous back and forth motion results in
a high-pressure and a low-pressure region in the medium.

These high- pressure and low-pressure regions are termed compressions and rarefactions, respectively. These
regions are transported to the surrounding medium resulting in the sound waves travelling from one medium to
another.
Resonance and Amplifier

The word resonance comes from Latin and means to “resound”- to

sound out together with a loud sound. Resonance is a common cause of
sound production in musical instruments.

A phenomenon in which an external force or a vibrating system forces

another system around it to vibrate with greater amplitude at a specified
frequency of operation

An audio amplifier increases the number of waves per second thereby

increasing the sound frequency making the speaker’s voice loud enough
for the audience to hear.
Structure of Human Ear

How the ear works - YouTube

SONAR and its applications

SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging.

It is a device used for measuring distance using ultrasonic waves.

Sound waves of ultrasound frequencies are sent and received over a distance.
By calculating the time it takes for sound to travel, they calculate the distance
from where the sound get reflected. This technique is also called Echo-ranging.

The sonar technique is used to determine the depth of the sea and to locate
underwater hills, valleys, submarine, icebergs, sunken ship etc.
 Pitch
Pitch can be taken as the measure of sound
frequency expressed in terms of Hertz.

Higher the frequency, higher the pitch.

All kinds of sound produces some waves

that are measured with respect to the
frequency it carries.

Pitch can also be expressed as the position

of a musical note in a musical scale.

So note in the lower side is a low pitch

sound and vice versa.
 Decibel Scale

The sound is all around

us and can be measured
to protect and inform us,
as some sounds are not
safe. In fact, loud noise
can actually damage our
hearing. So, the
intensity of a sound is
measured using decibel.
As the human ear is
incredibly sensitive, you
can hear everything
from your fingertip
brushing lightly over