Cerebru

m
 Cerebr
• Consists of two
um
cerebral hemispheres,
right and left
• Largest part of brain
• Cerebral hemispheres
–
• Separated from each
other by midline
longitudinal fissure
• Connected by corpus
 Cerebrum
Components of
cerebral hemisphere
• Outer gray matter or
cerebral cortex
• Inner white matter
• Basal nuclei or basal
ganglia – collection of
gray matter embedded
in white matter
• Lateral ventricle – cavity
of cerebrum
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERE
Shows
• Gyri – elevated
areas
• Sulci – furrows
or grooves lying
between gyri
• Features
• Poles: Frontal,
occipital, and
temporal
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERE
Shows
• Features
• Surfaces:
Superolateral, medial,
inferior (orbital and
tentorial)
• Borders: Superomedial,
superciliary,
inferomedial, medial
orbital, medial occipital
• Lobes: Frontal, parietal,
temporal, occipital,
insula
Poles of Cerebral Hemisphere

• Frontal pole – anterior end of cerebral hemisphere, more

round than occipital pole
• Occipital pole – posterior end of cerebral hemisphere, more
pointed than frontal pole
• Temporal pole – anterior end of temporal lobe, lies between
frontal and occipital poles, round and directed forward
Surfaces of Cerebral
Hemisphere
• Superolateral surface: Convex, faces upward
and laterally
 Surfaces of Cerebral
Hemisphere
Medial surface
• Flat and vertical
• Separated from medial
surface of another
hemisphere by
longitudinal fissure
and connected by C-
shaped corpus
callosum
Surfaces of Cerebral
Inferior surface: divided
Hemisphere
into
• Orbital surface: Small
anterior concave part
rests on root of nose and
orbit
• Tentorial surface: Large
posterior part rests on
floor of middle cranial
fossa and on tentorium
cerebelli
Borders of Cerebral
Hemisphere
• Superomedial border: Separates superolateral
surface from medial surface
• Inferolateral border: Separates superolateral
surface from orbital part of inferior surface
• Superciliary border: anterior part of
inferolateral border which separates
superolateral surface from frontal pole
Borders of Cerebral Hemisphere
• Medial orbital border: separates medial
surface from orbital part of inferior surface
• Medial occipital border: separates medial
surface from tentorial part of inferior surface
• Inferomedial or hippocampal border:
separates inferior surface from cerebral
peduncle or midbrain
• Preoccipital notch – depression on
inferolateral border, about 5 cm in front of
occipital pole
13
14
 Main Cerebral Sulci

Lateral sulcus (sylvius sulcus)

• Deep sulcus
• Has stem and three rami as follows
• Stem of lateral sulcus: Begins on inferior surface of
cerebral hemisphere and separates orbital surface and
temporal pole
 Main Cerebral Sulci
Lateral sulcus (sylvius sulcus)
• On superolateral surface, lateral
sulcus divided into three rami
• Anterior ramus (2.5 cm)
passes forward into inferior
frontal gyrus
• Anterior ascending ramus
(2.5 cm) runs upward in
inferior frontal gyrus
Posterior ramus (7.5 cm)
• Runs posteriorly and upward
up to inferior parietal lobule
• Posterior end upturns sharply
Main Cerebral Sulci

Central sulcus (of Rolando)

• Begins on superomedial border 1 cm behind midpoint
between frontal and occipital poles
• Runs downward and forward at 70° angle to reach posterior
ramus of lateral sulcus
• Upper end extends into medial surface
18
Main Cerebral Sulci

Main Cerebral Sulci

• Parieto-occipital sulcus
• Begins at midpoint of calcarine sulcus
• Runs upward and slightly backward to intersect
superomedial border
• Extends slightly on superolateral surface
Main Cerebral Sulci

Calcarine sulcus
• Present only on medial surface
• Begins inferior to posterior end of corpus collosum (splenium)
• Runs posteriorly with upward convexity to reach occipital pole
• Extends for short distance on superolateral surface
Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere
Frontal lobe
• Lies anterior to
central sulcus
and above
posterior ramus
of lateral sulcus
Lobes of Cerebral
Hemisphere
Parietal lobe
• Lies behind central
sulcus and in front of
imaginary vertical line
joining parieto-occipital
sulcus and preoccipital
notch
• Lies above horizontal
line drawn from
horizontal part of
posterior ramus of
lateral sulcus
Lobes of Cerebral
Hemisphere
Temporal lobe
• Lies below posterior
ramus of lateral sulcus
and horizontal line
extending backward
from horizontal part of
this sulcus
• Lies anterior to
imaginary vertical line
joining parieto-occipital
sulcus and preoccipital
notch
Lobes of Cerebral
Hemisphere
Occipital lobe
• Lies behind
vertical line
joining parieto-
occipital sulcus
and preoccipital
notch
 Insula Or Central
lobe

• Submerged or hidden part of cerebrum

• Pyramidal elevation lies deeply at bottom of lateral sulcus
• To visualize insula, separate margins of posterior ramus of
lateral sulcus
• Triangular
• Apex – called limen insulae which – continuous with anterior
perforated substance
 Insula Or Central lobe

• Circular sulcus separates insula from part of brain except at

limen insulae
• Insular operculae – part of cerebral hemisphere that hide
insula
• Temporal operculum
• Frontal operculum
• Frontoparietal operculum
Insula Or Central lobe

• Divided into two regions: Anterior and posterior by central sulcus

• Anterior region presents 3 or 4 short gyri called gyri brevia
• Posterior region presents 1 or 2 long gyri called gyri longa
Functions
• Controls emotions, body homeostasis, empathy, taste, self-awareness,
and so on
Sulci and Gyri of Cerebral
Hemisphere
• Superolateral surface – divided
into frontal, parietal, occipital,
and temporal lobes by
• Central sulcus
• Posterior ramus of lateral
sulcus, horizontal line
extending from horizontal part
of posterior ramus of lateral
sulcus
• Vertical line extending from
parieto-occipital sulcus to
preoccipital notch
Sulci and Gyri of Cerebral
Hemisphere
Sulci and gyri on superolateral surface of cerebral
hemisphere
Lobe Sulci Gyri
Frontal Precentral, Precentral
lobe Superior frontal, Superior frontal, Middle
Inferior frontal frontal, Inferior frontal
Anterior Pars orbitalis, Pars
horizontal triangularis, Pars opercularis
and anterior
ascending rami
of lateral sulcus
 Sulci and gyri on superolateral surface of cerebral hemisphere
Lobe Sulci Gyri
Parietal lobe Postcentral Postcentral
Intraparietal Superior parietal lobule, Inferior parietal lobule
Supramarginal, Angular,
Arcus temporo-occipitalis
Temporal Superior Superior temporal
lobe temporal Middle temporal
Inferior temporal Inferior temporal

Occipital Transverse Arcus parieto-occipitalis

lobe occipital Superior occipital
Lateral occipital Inferior occipital
Lunate Gyrus descendens
Calcarine
Sulci and Gyri of Cerebral
Sulci
Hemisphere Gyri
Anterior Paratermin
paraolfactory al
Posterior Paraolfacto
paraolfactory ry
Cingulate Medial
Callosal frontal
Suprasplenia Paracentral
l lobule
Parieto- Cingulate
occipital
Cuneus
Sulci and Gyri of Cerebral
Hemisphere
Sulci Gyri
Tentorial surface Gyrus rectus
Collateral Anterior, posterior,
Rhinal medial and lateral
Occipitotemporal orbital gyri

Gyri
Lingual
Sulci Uncus
Orbital surface Parahippocampal
Olfactory Medial occipitotemporal
H-shaped Lateral occipitotemporal
orbital sulci
 FUNCTIONAL AREA OF
CEREBRAL
Based CORTEX
on their functions as
• Motor areas: Control motor activity and give rise to
corticospinal and corticonuclear fibers
• Sensory areas: Receive afferent sensory fibers from
thalamus and subthalamic nuclei
• Association areas: Responsible for modification of
motor activities, interpretation of sensory inputs,
intellect, emotions and so on
• Brodmann has numbered cerebral areas
• Are called Brodmann areas
 Motor Areas
Primary motor area (area 4, Ms
I)
• Location
• Precentral gyrus and anterior
wall of central sulcus on
superolateral surface
• Anterior part of paracentral
lobule on medial surface of
cerebral hemisphere
Function
• Controls voluntary motor
activity of opposite half of body
 Motor Areas
Primary motor area (area 4, Ms I)
• Represented upside down except face as
follows
• Upward from lowest part of
precentral gyrus -> pharynx and
tongue -> face -> hand -> arm ->
trunk -> thigh, then on medial
surface in paracentral lobule, leg,
foot, and perineum – represented
• Gives rise to corticonuclear,
corticospinal, and frontopontine fibers
• Lesion of motor area causes upper
motor neuron paralysis of opposite half
body (hemiplegia)
Motor Areas

Premotor area (area 6 of Brodmann)

• Location: Anterior to motor area in posterior parts of superior,
middle, and inferior frontal gyri
Functions
• Main cortical center of extrapyramidal system
• Programming and control of intended movements
• Lesion of premotor area produces difficulty in performing
skilled movements
 Motor Areas

Supplementary motor area (Ms II)

• Location: Medial frontal gyrus on medial surface of
hemisphere anterior to paracentral lobule
• Function: Controls bilateral complex movements which
requires sequential organization
Motor Areas

Motor speech area (area 44, 45)/ Broca’s area

• Location: In inferior gyrus dominant (left) cerebral hemisphere
• Includes
• Pars triangularis: Area 45
• Pars opercularis: Area 44
• In right-handed individuals (70%), lies in left cerebral hemisphere
• In left-handed individuals (30%), lies in right cerebral hemisphere
Motor Areas

Motor speech area (area 44, 45)/ Broca’s area

• Functions
• Initiate movements for production of speech
• Controls expressive language capacities (grammar)
• Lesion: Results in motor aphasia, loss of ability to produce (express)
speech,person can write words, but he cannot speak
• Note: There will be no paralysis of tongue, lips, and vocal cords
 Motor Areas
Frontal eye field (area 8)
• Location: Posterior part of middle frontal gyrus
anterior to facial area of precentral gyrus
• Functions: Controls voluntary movements of eyes,
coordination or voluntary tracking of moving
object through conjugate eye movements
Lesion
• Unilateral lesion results in loss of horizontal
conjugate movements
• Eye deviates to side of lesion and cannot moved to
opposite side
46
 Motor Areas
Prefrontal area (area 9, 10, 11, 12)
• Location: Part of frontal lobe lying anterior to
primary motor and premotor areas
• Functions: Maintenance of emotions, social and
moral awareness, concentration,
foresightedness, and orientation maintenance of
personality
Lesion
• Bilateral destruction of prefrontal areas results
in loss of orientation, concentration, initiation,
and judgement
 Motor functional areas of cerebral cortex
Area Brodm Location Functions Effect of lesion
ann
numbe
r
Motor
areas Area 4 Precentral gyrus Voluntary motor Upper motor
Primary and anterior wall of activity of opposite half neurons paralysis
motor area central sulcus, of the body of opposite half
(Ms I) anterior part of the body
paracentral lobule (hemiplegia)
Premotor Area 6 Anterior to the Main cortical center of Difficulty in
area motor area in the extrapyramidal system performing skilled
posterior parts of Programming and movements
superior, middle, control of intended
and inferior frontal movements
gyri
Supplemen Part of Medial frontal Bilateral complex
tary motor area 6 gyrus movements which
area (Ms II) require sequential
 Motor functional areas of cerebral cortex
Area Brod Location Functions Effect of lesion
mann
numb
er
Motor Area Inferior gyrus Initiate the Motor aphasia
speech 44, 45 dominant (left) movements for
area cerebral production of
hemisphere: Pars speech
triangularis: Controls expressive
Area 45, pars language capacities
opercularis: Area
44
Frontal Area 8 Posterior part of Voluntary Loss of
eye field middle frontal movements of the horizontal
gyrus eyes, co-ordination conjugate
or voluntary movements
tracking of moving
object through
 Motor functional areas of cerebral cortex
Area Brod Location Functions Effect of lesion
mann
numb
er
Prefronta Area Part of frontal Maintenance of Bilateral
l area 9, 10, lobe emotions, social destruction of
11, and moral prefrontal
12 awareness, areas results in
concentration, loss of
foresightedness, orientation,
and orientation concentration,
initiation, and
judgement
Loss of proper
social behavior
 Sensory and Association
Areas
First somesthetic area (Sm
I)
• Synonyms: Primary
somatosensory area or
area 3, 1, and 2 of
Brodmann
• Location: Postcentral
gyrus on superolateral
surface and posterior
part of paracentral lobule
on medial surface of
cerebral hemisphere
Sensory and Association Areas
First somesthetic area (Sm I)
• Body representation: Receive
sensations from opposite half of
body – represented upside down
• Tongue, lips, fingers, and thumb
have larger areas of
representation
Functions
• Perception of sensations from
opposite half of body – both
exteroceptive and proprioceptive
sensations
Sensory and Association
Areas
Lesion
• Results in loss of
exteroceptive (pain,
touch, and
temperature) and
proprioceptive
(vibration, muscle,
and joint) sensations
from opposite half of
body
 Sensory and Association
Areas
Second somesthetic area (Sm II)
• Synonyms: Secondary somatosensory area
• Location: Superior lip of posterior ramus of lateral
sulcus with postcentral gyrus, body – represented
bilaterally
 Sensory and Association
Sensory association area (area 5 and 7)
Areas
• Location: Superior parietal lobule
• Functions: Perception of shape, size, roughness, and texture of
object recognition of objects by touch (stereognosis)
• Lesion: Causes astereognosis – inability to identify object with
closed eyes
 Sensory and Association
Sensory speech area (area 22, 39, and 40)
•Areas
Synonyms: Wernicke’s area
Location
• In dominant lobe of cerebral hemisphere
• In posterior part of superior temporal gyrus (area 22) in temporal lobe
• In inferior angular gyrus – area 39
• In parietal lobe, supramarginal gyrus – area 40
 Sensory and Association
Sensory speech area (area 22, 39, and 40)
•Areas
Function: Interpretation of language through visual and auditory inputs
• Arcuate fasciculus: Connects motor speech area of Broca and sensory
speech area of Wernicke
• Lesion: Causes sensory aphasia – inability to understand spoken and
written words
 Sensory and Association
Areas
Primary auditory area (area 41 and 42) (A1)
• Location
• Inferior wall of lateral sulcus, on hidden (superior) surface
of superior temporal gyrus
• Called transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl
 Sensory and Association
Areasauditory area (area 41 and 42) (A1)
Primary
• Functions
• Receives sensory input of sound through
auditory radiation coming from geniculate
body (mainly from opposite ear)
• Useful in perception of loudness, quality, and
pitch of sound
• Lesion: Unilateral lesion results in slight hearing
loss due to bilateral projection of auditory
pathway
60
 Sensory and Association
Areas auditory area (area 22)
Secondary
• Synonyms: Auditory association area
• Location: Lateral surface of superior temporal
gyrus
• Functions: Correlation of auditory inputs
received from primary auditory area with past
auditory experience
• Lesion: Results in word deafness or auditory
verbal agnosia, inability to interpret heard
sound
 Sensory and Association
Primary visual area (area 17)
Areas
• Synonyms: Striate area
• Location
• On surface of occipital lobe, on both sides of calcarine
sulcus
• Extends on superolateral surface around occipital pole
Primary visual area (area 17)
• Structures
• Has prominent thick layer of myelinated fibers called
external band of Baillarger
• Gives striated appearance to the cortex, hence called visual
stria of Gennari and cortex – called striate cortex
63
Sensory and Association Areas
Primary visual area (area 17)
• Functions
• Receives visual inputs from temporal half of ipsilateral
retina and nasal half of contralateral retina
• Isolated perception of color, size, form, illumination, and
transparency of object
• Lesion: Results in crossed homonymous hemianopia (loss of
vision in opposite visual field) with macular sparing
Secondary visual area (area 18, 19)
• Synonyms: Visual association area
• Location: In occipital lobe surrounding primary visual area
(area 17)
Sensory and Association
Areas
Secondary visual area (area 18, 19)
• Functions: Identification of object,
determination of location, color, size, form,
illumination, transparency using past
experience
• Lesion: Results in visual agnosia (inability to
recognize object) of opposite visual field
Taste area (area 43)
• Synonyms: Gustatory area
• Location: Inferior part of parietal lobe (inferior
part of postcentral)
 Sensory and Association
Areas area
Vestibular
• Location: Part of postcentral gyrus which is
concerned with sensation of face
Olfactory area (area 28)
• Location: Anterior part of parahippocampal
gyrus and uncus
• Function: Perception of smell
 Sensory functional areas of cerebral cortex
Area Brodm Location Functions Effects of lesion
ann
number

Sensory areas
First Sm I, Postcentral gyrus Perception Loss of exteroceptive
somesthetic area Area 3, Posterior part of of sensation (pain, touch, and
(Sm I) 1, 2 paracentral lobule from temperature) and
opposite proprioceptive (vibration,
half of body muscle, and joint)
sensations from opposite
half of the body

Secondary Area A Superior lip of

somesthetic (Sm posterior ramus of
II) lateral sulcus with
postcentral gyrus
 Sensory functional areas of cerebral cortex
Area Brodm Location Functions Effects of lesion
ann
numbe
r
Sensory Area 5 Superior parietal Stereognosi Astereognosis
association area and 7 lobule s

Sensory speech Area In dominant lobe of Interpretati Sensory aphasia

area 22, 39, cerebral on of
and 40 hemisphere: In language
Wernic posterior part of through
ke’s superior temporal visual and
area gyrus (area 22) in auditory
temporal lobe inputs
In inferior angular
gyrus – area 39
Parietal lobe:
Supramarginal
gyrus – area 40
 Sensory functional areas of cerebral cortex
Area Brodm Location Functions Effects of lesion
ann
numbe
r
Primary Area Transverse Perception of Unilateral lesion
auditory area 41 and temporal gyrus loudness, quality, and slight hearing
(A1) 42 of Heschl pitch of sound loss
Secondary Area Lateral surface Correlation of Word deafness
auditory area 22 of superior auditory inputs
temporal gyrus
Primary visual Area Medial surface Isolated perception Crossed
area 17 of occipital lobe of color, size, form, homonymous
on both sides of illumination, and hemianopia
calcarine sulcus transparency of
object
 Sensory functional areas of cerebral cortex
Area Brodm Location Functions Effects of lesion
ann
numbe
r
Secondary Area Occipital lobe Identification of Visual agnosia
visual area 18, 19 surrounding object, determination
primary visual of location, color,
area size, form,
illumination band
transparency
Taste area Area Inferior part of
43 parietal lobe
Vestibular area Postcentral
gyrus
Olfactory area Area Anterior part of Perception of smell
28 parahippocamp
al gyrus and
uncus
Cerebral dominance
• Cerebral hemispheres –
not functionally identical
• Left cerebral
hemisphere in right-
handed person – more
efficient and vice versa
• In 90% of individuals,
left cerebral hemisphere
– dominant hemisphere
 Cerebral
dominance
• Concerned with
perception and
production of language
and speech
• In these individuals, right
hemisphere – called
nondominant hemisphere

Fig. 14.17: Functions of dominant and

nondominant hemispheres
Thank
you…