THE NANO TECHNOLOGY

Math, Science and Technology

Prepared By:
Camille C. Perez
Venus Fuentes
Melissa Baterna
Gerald Argao
Reynald Par
Janiel Lladones
Leamei Mangubat
Introduction
Scientific researchers
• Developed new technological tools that improve aspects of our
lives
Nanoscale
• One important interdisciplinary area generated by science and
technological advancements
• About 1 to 100 nanometers
How Small is a Nanoscale
• Nanometer - billionth of a meter; 10- ⁹ of a meter
Nanomaterials
• Research: widespread
implications in society
(health care, environment,
energy, food, water,
agriculture)
Nanotechnology
• Science, engineering, and technology conducted at the
nanoscale

Nanoscience and nanotechnology

• Study and application of exceptionally small things
• Concepts: Started in Dec. 29,1959
Richard Feynman - physicist;
methods in which scientists can
direct and control individual
atoms and molecules

Talk: "There's Plenty of Room

at the Bottom"
• Professor Norio Taniguchi -
coined the term "nanotechnology"
Nanomaterials
• Manipulation: need an adept understanding of types
and dimensions
• Classified according to their shapes and sizes
How to View Nanomaterials

Scientists use special types of microscopes:

• Electron microscopes
• Field microscopes
• Modern and remarkable advancements in microscopy:
• Scanning tunneling microscopes
• Atomic force microscopes
1. Electron Microscope -
• Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll
German engineers; built the
first electron microscopies
1930s.
• Utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up and
develop
• Produces a higher and better resolution
• Can magnify objects up to million times
• (Conventional light microscopes - magnify up to 1500
times only)

• 2 general types of electron microscopes:

SEM - Scanning electron microscope
TEM - Transmission electron microscope
2. Atomic Force Microscope
• Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate,
and Christoph Gerber -
developed this in 1986
• Makes use of mechanical
probe gathers info from
surface of materials
3. Scanning tunneling
microscope
• Gerd Binig and Heinrich
Roher - won the Nobel Prize
in Physics because of this.
• Special type of microscope
that enables scientists to view
and manipulate nanoscale
particles
Nanomanufacturing
• Refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost- effective
manufacturing of nanoscale
• Involves research, improvement, and incorporation
• Leads to the development of new products and
improved materials
Two Fundamental Approaches to Nanomanufacturing:
1. Bottom-up fabrication
• Build products from atomic-and molecular-scale components
• Can be time-consuming
• Scientists and engineers are still in search for the effective ways
of putting up components that self-assemble
2. Top-down fabrication
• Trims down to large pieces of materials into nanoscale
• Needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw
materials
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based on
the top-down and bottom-up fabrications:

1. Dip-pen lithography
• Tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a
chemical fluid and then utilized to "write" on a surface
2. Self-assembly
• Set of components join to mold an organized structure in
the absence of an outside direction
3. Chemical vapor deposition
• Chemicals act in response to form very pure, high-
performance films
4. Nanoimprint lithography
Generating nanoscale attributes by "stamping" or "printing"
them on a surface
5. Molecular beam epitaxy
Depositing extremely controlled thin films
6. Roll-to-roll processing
High-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a
roll of ultrathin plastic or metal
7. Atomic layer epitaxy
• Laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface
These techniques made nanomaterials. more durable, stronger,
lighter, water- repellent, etc.

Computers
• Near future: better, more efficient, larger storage, faster,
energy-saving
• Entire memory of a computer will be avid in a single tiny chip
Nanotechnology
• Construct high-efficiency, low-cost batteries and solar cells
Distinct Features of Nanoscale

Nanotechnology - operating at a very small

dimension; allows scientists to make use of the
exceptional optical, chemical, physical,
mechanical, and biological qualities of materials .
1. Scale at which much biology occurs
• Various cell activities at the nanoscale
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - genetic
material of the cell; only about 2 nanometers in diameter
• Hemoglobin - transports oxygen to nanoscale
• tissues throughout the body; 5.5 nanometers in diameter
• Bio-barcode assay - inexpensive approach for identification
of specific disease markers in the blood despite their small
number in a particular specimen
2. Scale at which quantum effects dominate properties
of materials
• Particles with dimensions of 1-100 nanometers have
properties significantly discrete from particles of bigger
dimensions
• Quantum effects - direct the behavior and properties of
particles
• Size of material = properties
• Essential properties of nanoscale that change as a
function of size:
• Nanoscale gold - yellow-colored element which may appear
red or purple; Gold's electron display restricted motion in
nanoscale
 Chemical reactivity
 Fluorescence
 Magnetic permeability
 Melting point
 Electrical conductivity
• Nanoscale gold particles - build up in tumors; permit both
precise imaging and targeted laser destruction of the tumor
3. Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas
than similar masses of larger-scale materials

• Surface area per mass of a material = greater

amount of the material meets another material
[affects the reactivity]
Material: Filled with: Result:
1 cubic Micrometer- sized Total surface area:
centimeter cubes (trillion 6 square meters
1012 of
them)Surface
area: 6 square
micrometers each
1 cubic 1-nanometer- Total surface area:
centimeter sized cubes (1012 6,000 square
of them) maters
Surface area: 6
square
nanometers
each
Government Funding for Nanotechnology in
Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005)
US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)-
best-known, most-funded program; 2001;
2008 budget: $1.4B; 2009
budget: $1.5B
Europe European Commission (EC) - Feb 2008;
launched the ENIAC (European
Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory
Council)
Japan Nanotechnology Research
Institute
Taiwan Taiwan National Science and Technology
Program for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology
India Nanotechnology Research and Education
Foundation
China National center for Nanoscience and
Technology
Government Funding for Nanotechnology in
Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005)
Israel Israel National Nanotechnology
Initiative
Australia Australian Office of
Nanotechnology
Canada National Institute for
Nanotechnology (NINT)
South Korea Korea National Nanotechnology
Initiative
Thailand National Nanotechnology Center
(NANOTEC)
Malaysia National (Malaysia)
Nanaotechnology Initiatives or
NNI
Possible Applications of Nanotechnology in the
Philippines (Dayrit, 2005)

1. ICT and semiconductors

2. Health and medicine
3. Energy
4. Food and agriculture
5. Environment
Nanotech Roadmap for the Philippines (founded by
PCAS-TRD-DOST)
1. ICT and semiconductors
2. Health and biomedical
3. Energy
4. Food and agriculture
5. Environment
6. Health and environmental risk
7. Nano-metrology
8. Education and public awareness
Benefits and Concerns of Using Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology - various applications in different sectors
of society and environment Addressing Global Challenges
Using Nanotechnology initiative by Salamanca- Buentello;
accelerate the use of nanotechnology to address critical
sustainable development challenges; possible contributions
of community to overcome global challenges Concerns that
need to be addressed before using and promoting materials
derived from nanotechnology (Dayrit, 2005):
1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may
become pervasive
2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with
specific properties
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and
paradigms
4. It may be complicated to detect its presence unless one
has the specialist tools of nanotechnology
Benefits and Concerns of the Application of Nanotechnology in
Different Areas
Example of Areas Possible Benefits Concerns
Affected by
Nanotechnology
Environment - Detection and removal of - High reactivity and toxicity
contaminants Pervasive distribution in
-Development of benign environment
industrial processes and -No nano- specific EPA regulation
materials
Health Improved medicine - Ability to cross cell membranes
and translocate
in the body
-No FDA approval for cosmetics
and supplements
Economy Better products -Redistribution of wealth
New jobs - Potential
cost of cleanups
-Accessibility to all income levels
Summary

Nanotechnology
• Advanced interdisciplinary field
• Manufactures materials of great help to the improvement
• Field that needs to be explored by experts and neophytes
• Before engaging with nanotechnology, we need to account
the social, ethical, and environmental concerns of using
such nanomaterials
Thank you.