LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE (LULCC)

MAPPING AND ANALYSIS OF UPSTREAM ELEYELE

DAM, IBADAN, NIGERIA

BY
OLOYEDE EMMANUEL AKINWUMI

LCU/UG/21/20204
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,
LEAD CITY UNIVERSITY IBADAN

SEPTEMBER 2024

1
 INTRODUCTION

Soil erosion has major influence on natural resources worldwide over

the past few decades
Pollution of water bodies and settling sediments are offsite effects of
soil erosion, the principal onsite implications include influences on soil
fertility loss and degradation of soil resource quality (Blaikie and
Brookfield 2015)
Most people in Ibadan receive their water from the Eleyele Dam,
however other people get their water from groundwater sources
 INTRODUCTION Contd.
Residents of Ibadan who drink untreated borehole water run the risk of
contracting acute, sub-chronic, or even chronic plumbism as well as
water-borne illnesses like diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid fever
(Olusegun, 2010).
The model can only predict sheet and rill erosion; it cannot determine
the rate at which gully erosion occurs (Wang et al. 2013)
In general, water is a vital nutrient that supports a healthy lifestyle,
upholds personal hygiene, fends against illness, and enhances quality
of life (Taiwo et al., 2023).
Ibadan hosts several water reservoirs, with the Eleyele Dam serving as a
primary water source for many residents

Eleyele Reservoir is bordered by urbanized areas to the south, Apete to

the east, Awotan to the north, and Ologuneru to the northwest
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The Researchers have been studying land-use and land-cover changes since the 1972 Stockholm

Conference on the Human Environment and the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development. The implications of land cover change on biodiversity have grown globally and regionally,

with efforts to conserve biodiversity recognized in Sustainable Development Goal 15. The conversion of wild

lands to agriculture, commercial or residential development, pollution, and climate change are threats to

biodiversity worldwide. Land cover in Nigeria is rapidly changing due to population growth and urbanization,

with studies showing temporal changes in land use and land cover classes. Existing studies have focused on

land use and land cover change dedication, but none cover the period 1972-2023. Studies on land cover and

tree species in the study area are sparse, despite the urgent demand for supplementary tree species for urban

environments and information on tree species growth and performance in different urban site conditions.
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
• Aim: Conduct a comprehensive Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC) mapping and
analysis using GIS (Geographic Information System) and remote sensing techniques in the
upstream area of Eleyele Dam, Ibadan, Nigeria

The specific objectives are to:

i. Develop an accurate baseline map of land use and land cover in the upstream area of Eleyele

Dam using high-resolution satellite imagery and GIS software.

ii. Characterize the landuse and land cover of the area in 2003, 2010, 2017 and 2024.

iii. Determine the magnitude and rate of change of land use and land cover of the area between

2003 and 2024.

 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research will explore the use of satellite imagery and GIS to map

and analyze the changes in the land

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
 Eleyele reservoir shown in Figure 3.1 is one of the major reservoirs in Oyo State,
Nigeria, stretching from Latitude 7°25'30''-7°26'30'' N and Longitude 3 051'30''-
3°52'30'' E.
 The elevation is relatively low ranging between 100-150 m above sea level and
surrounded by quartz-ridge hills towards the downstream section where the dam
barrage is located.
 . The lake has a current capacity of 29.5 million litres, surface area of 546 km 2 with
a mean depth of 6.0 m and actual depth of 12m. The widest and narrowest arm of
the lake is about 250 m and 20 m respectively, having a forest reserve with much
vegetation stretch on each side.
8

Figure 1: Map of the Study Area

 METHODOLOGY
 Secondary data from the Nigerian Meteorology Agency (NIMET)

 The soil map of the study area will be obtained from the FAO
Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW).

 The land use/land cover of the basin will be processed from the
Landsat Satellite imageries
Landsat imageries and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
30 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM) from United States Geological
Survey (USGS)
 METHODOLOGY CONTD.
• Satellite data to Prepare Study Area
i. Data Acquisition:
ii. Pre-processing:
iii.Image Classification:
iv. Feature Extraction:
v. Data Integration:
vi.Accuracy Assessment:
vii.Map Generation: Final map depicting the reservoir boundary,
shoreline, water bodies, and other relevant features will be produced
 METHODOLOGY Contd.

Data acquisition and processing

Landsat TM, ETM+ and OLI data all at a resolution of 30 m used for
LULC classification.

Cloud – free Landsat images covering the study area (path 190, rows 054
and 055 with a spatial resolution of 60 × 60 m and 30 × 30 m)

Ground truthing, the researchers’ personal experience and

physiographical knowledge of the study area will form the basis of the
training samples (Ishola et al., 2016).
 Methodology Contd.

Land Change Modeler (LCM) within Terrset to detect land use/cover

change using Equation
(1)

The RUSLE equation is expressed in Equation 2.

(2)

A = average soil loss due to water erosion (Mg ha-1 yr-1),

 13

Figure 1 : Flow Process for Generating a Land Cover Class Map

 Table 1: Land use/land cover classification
The land cover classification maps of the years under study from 2003, 2010, 2017, 2024 is
presented in the figures below. LULC maps were generated from supervised classification
of satellite images. The satellite image of the years studied was categorized into six classes,
i.e. water bodies (WB), forests (FOR), light vegetation (LV), wetland (WL), bare ground
(BG) and built up area (BA). The data obtained through the analysis of multi-temporal
satellite imageries are diagrammatically illustrated also.
Table 4.1: Land Use Land Cover Mapping
LAND USE LAND Area_2003 Area_2010 Area_2017 Area_2024 (ha)
(ha) (ha)
COVER (ha)

Water Bodies 83.171386 71.043717 25.270645 29.341597

Forest 46.925877 79.063818 64.100179 121.95644

Light Vegetation 184.939982 279.976349 168.028197 212.309791

Wet Land 860.217852 843.856709 840.038841 757.683602

Bare Ground 1664.974918 1496.219388 1427.055544 1241.875278

Built Up Area 1681.189543 1751.289732 1995.753789 2158.318215

TOTAL 4521.419558 4521.449713 4520.247195 4521.484923

Table 2: Land use Land cover Changes Analysis Between 2003 - 2010
LULC Bare Built up Forest Light Water Wet land TOTAL
Change ground (ha) (ha) vegetati bodies (ha) (ha)
(2003- (ha) on (ha) (ha)
2010)
Bare 599.1976 569.5048 21.49814 234.7279 0.156614 537.43740 1962.522
ground 97 02 4 51 8 6
30.53% 29.02% 1.10% 11.96% 0.01% 27.39% 100%

Built up 632.9156 786.1154 8.992032 51.62945 0.769551 198.87416 1679.296

98 3 9 6 3
37.69% 46.81% 0.54% 3.07% 0.05% 11.84% 100%

Forest 0.314638 0.150261 10.81666 10.21111 15.309818 10.123384 46.92587

4 2 7
0.67% 0.32% 23.05% 21.76% 32.63% 21.57% 100%

Light 9.11544 5.158214 11.76871 30.37817 2.583839 25.790831 84.79521

vegetation 4 4 2
10.75% 6.08% 13.88% 35.83% 3.05% 30.42% 100%

Water 0 0 5.853747 7.547238 51.43911 18.331291 83.17138

bodies 6
Table 3: Land use Land cover Changes Analysis Between 2017 - 2024.
LULC Change Bare Built up Forest Light Water Wet land TOTAL
(2017-2024) ground (ha) (ha) vegetatio bodies (ha) (ha)
(ha) n (ha) (ha)

Bare ground 669.181293 494.71747 226.15751 25.274767 0.007433 59.424342 1474.762

9 8
45.38% 33.55% 15.34% 1.71% 0.00% 4.03% 100%

Built up 318.813399 1648.80546 16.440871 3.943165 0 6.261191 1994.264

2 1
15.99% 82.68% 0.82% 0.20% 0.00% 0.31% 100%

Forest 2.13509 1.238188 1.017325 4.011583 4.605331 1.092661 14.10017

8
15.14% 8.78% 7.21% 28.45% 32.66% 7.75% 100%

Light 9.025406 1.31536 32.216939 44.256564 4.367177 26.846749 118.0282

vegetation 7.65% 1.11% 27.30% 37.50% 3.70% 22.75% 100%

Water bodies 1.420778 0.63336 1.070325 2.656397 19.218116 0.27167 25.27064

6
5.62% 2.51% 4.24% 10.51% 76.05% 1.08% 100%

Wet land 199.044402 9.528572 404.22898 112.04902 1.14354 163.44114 889.4356

6 4 8 7
Figure 1: Percentage Distribution of LULC Classes of the Study Area

17
DISCUSSION

Table 4.1 shows that forest is the least dominant land use in 2003 as it occupied 46.93ha

(1%) of the total land area. In 2024, it occupied an area of 121.95ha (3%) with a total

decrease of 75.02ha from 2003. However, built up area has the dominant coverage area of

1681.18ha (31%) in 2003 and maintained the increase till 2024 with an area of 2158.32ha.

Bare ground has the second dominant coverage of 1664.97ha in 2003 with a sharp

decrease to 1241.87ha. Light vegetation has a coverage area of 860.21ha in 2003 and

gradually increased to 212.30ha in 2024. Conversely, wet land was observed to be

861.21ha in 2003 and decreased gradually to 757.68ha in 2024.

Figure 4.2: The Classified Maps of the Study Period 2003, 2010, 2017, 2024.
 CONCLUSION

 Land-use and land-cover change is evident around Eleyele Dam as revealed in the analysis.

All the land uses in the study area have change dramatically from their original coverage.

 The main changes observed is increase in the built up areas from 1681.19ha in 2003 to

2158.32ha in 2024 which was observe to be as a result of the increase in population and the

need for people to have buildings of their own.

 There is also a significant decrease in water bodies from 83.17ha in 2003 to 29.34ha in

2024 which was observed to be as a result of the water hyacinth usually on the surface of

the water.

 It was also established that most of the land use and land cover changes are driven by

human actions which in-turn affects man.

 RECOMMENDATION
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The following conclusions were made from this research:

i. There should be periodic Modelling of land use and land cover changes for

formulating effective environmental policies and management strategies.

ii. Monitoring, control and evaluation of the LULCC of the area should be done

regularly so as to checkmate the harp-hazard developments or modifications that

may have negative consequences on the inhabitants.

iii. Encouragement of building of vertical structures should be upheld by the relevant

authorities in order to minimize the amount of urban land use encroachment into

other land uses.

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REFERENCES
Ahmad, N. S. B. N., Mustafa, F. B., & Didams, G. (2020). A systematic review of soil
erosion control practices on the agricultural land in Asia. International Soil and Water
Conservation Research, 8(2), 103-115.

Akinyi, M. (2024). Influence of Land Use Changes on Biodiversity Conservation in

Coastal Ecosystems. American Journal of Environment Studies, 7(2), 12-24.

Alewell, C., Ringeval, B., Ballabio, C., Robinson, D. A., Panagos, P., & Borrelli, P.
(2020). Global phosphorus shortage will be aggravated by soil erosion. Nature
communications, 11(1), 4546.
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THANKS FOR LISTENING