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Global Positioning System: by Preetam Tambad

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth. GPS provides location and time information to receivers anywhere on Earth. GPS receivers calculate the time difference between when a signal is sent from a satellite and received to determine the distance to that satellite, allowing the receiver to triangulate its position using signals from multiple satellites. GPS has both military and civilian applications including navigation, mapping, tracking, and providing precise timing.

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Preetam Tambad
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37 views

Global Positioning System: by Preetam Tambad

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth. GPS provides location and time information to receivers anywhere on Earth. GPS receivers calculate the time difference between when a signal is sent from a satellite and received to determine the distance to that satellite, allowing the receiver to triangulate its position using signals from multiple satellites. GPS has both military and civilian applications including navigation, mapping, tracking, and providing precise timing.

Uploaded by

Preetam Tambad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Global Positioning System

By Preetam Tambad

History
The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used

by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth. As of 2010, the United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully

Introduction
The GPS constellation of satellites consists of at

least 24 satellites 21 primary satellites and 3 orbiting spares. They orbit the earth at an altitude of 17,500 KM (10,900 miles) at a speed of 1.9 miles per second between 60N and 60S latitude. Each satellite weighs 1900 lbs(861.825503 kilograms) and is 17 feet (5.81 meters) wide with solar panels extended. The satellites orbit the earth twice a day. This guarantees that signals from six of the satellites can be received from any point on earth

Working

The GPS receiver and satellite generate the same pseudo-random code at exactly the same time. When the code arrives from the satellite, the time difference is compared to the same code generated by the receiver. This difference is multiplied by the speed of light (186,000 miles per second) to determine the distance to the satellite.

Differential GPS

To obtain more accurate measurements than is possible from a single GPS unit, a GPS receiver broadcasts the signal it receives from a known position. The GPS unit in the field simultaneously receives data from the GPS satellites and the other GPS receiver on the ground through a radio signal. The GPS error from the known position is compared to that of the GPS receiver in the unknown location.

Timeline and modernization


In 1972, the USAF Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility

(Holloman AFB), conducted developmental flight tests of two prototype GPS receivers over White Sands Missile Range, using ground-based pseudo-satellites. In 1978, the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched. On February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite was launched. By December 1993, GPS achieved initial operational capability (IOC), indicating a full constellation (24 satellites) was available and providing the Standard Positioning Service (SPS). In 2004, United States President George W. Bush updated the national policy and replaced the executive board with the National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing. November 2004, QUALCOMM announced successful tests of

In 2005, the first modernized GPS satellite was launched

and began transmitting a second civilian signal (L2C) for enhanced user performance. On September 14, 2007, the aging mainframe-based Ground Segment Control System was transferred to the new Architecture Evolution Plan. On May 21, 2009, the Air Force Space Command allayed fears of GPS failure saying "There's only a small risk we will not continue to exceed our performance standard." On January 11, 2010, an update of ground control systems caused a software incompatibility with 8000 to 10000 military receivers manufactured by a division of Trimble Navigation Limited of Sunnyvale, Calif. The most recent launch was on May 28, 2010.The oldest GPS satellite still in operation was launched on November 26, 1990, and became operational on December 10, 1990.

The control segment is composed of


a master control station (MCS), an alternate master control station,

four dedicated ground antennas and


six dedicated monitor stations

User Segment
GPS receivers with antenna.

Satellite Frequencies
All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz (L1 signal) and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spread-spectrum technique where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a high-rate pseudo-random (PRN) sequence that is different for each satellite.

Applications
It has significant military and civilian applications.
Cellular telephony
Disaster relief/emergency services Geofencing: Vehicle tracking systems, person

tracking systems, and pet tracking systems. Map-making. Navigation. Tectonics. Target tracking. Missile and projectile guidance. Search and Rescue

Thank you

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