Name – Utkarsh Chauhan
Class – {IX}B
Subject – Maths
Topic – Polynomials
Submitted to –Mr Gaurav Gupta Sir
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “ Utkarsh Chauhan ”
student of Class – 9 “ B” has successfully
completed their Biology project on ”Chapter
– 2 {Polynomials} ” under the guidance of “
Mr
Gaurav Gupta Sir ”.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project file . However , it would not have been
possible
without the kind effort and help of many individuals and organisations . I
would
like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them .
I thank my God for providing me with everything that I required in
completing
this project file .
I am highly indebted to the teacher in charge Mr .Gaurav Gupta sir for his
guidance and constant supervisison as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the project and also for his support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co –
operation which helped me in the completion of this project.
INTRODUCTION
In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression of finite length
constructed from variables and constants, using only the
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-
negative, whole-number exponents. Polynomials appear in a wide
variety of areas of mathematics and science. For example, they
are used to form polynomial equations, which encode a wide
range of problems, from elementary word problems to
complicated problems in the sciences ; they are used to define
polynomial functions, which appear in settings ranging from basic
chemistry and physics to economics and social science; they are
used in calculus and numerical analysis to approximate other
functions.
WHAT IS POLYNOMIAL
Polynomials are expressions with one or more terms with a non-
zero coefficient. A polynomial can have more than one term.
An algebraic expression p(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + … an
is a polynomial where a0, a1, ………. an are real numbers and
n is non-negative integer.
• Examples of polynomials are:
• 20
• x+y
• 7a + b + 8
• w+x+y+z
• x2 + x + 1
TYPES OF POLYNOMIAL
• A polynomial of 1 term is called a monomial.
Example: 2x.
• A polynomial of 2 terms is called binomial. Example:
5x + 2.
• A polynomial of 3 terms is called a trinomial.
Example: 2x + 5y – 4.
Term :
• In the polynomial, each expression in it is called a
term.
• Suppose x2 + 5x + 2 is polynomial, then the
expressions x2, 5x, and 2 are the terms of the
polynomial.
CONSTANT POLYNOMIAL
The real numbers can also be expressed as polynomials.
Like 3, 6, 7, are also polynomials without any variables.
These are called constant polynomials. The constant
polynomial 0 is called zero polynomial. The exponent of
the polynomial should be a whole number. For example,
x-2 + 5x + 2, cannot be considered as a polynomial,
since the exponent of x is -2, which is not a whole
number.
DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL
The highest power of the polynomial is called the
degree
of the polynomial. For example, in x3 + y3 + 3xy(x +
y),
the degree of the polynomial is 3. For a non zero
constant polynomial, the degree is zero. Apart from
these, there are other types of polynomials such as:
Linear polynomial - of degree one
Quadratic Polynomial - of degree two
Cubic Polynomial - of degree three
LINEAR POLYNOMIAL
• A polynomial of degree 1 is called a Linear polynomial. Its
general form is ax+b where a is not equal to 0.
• For example:
• p(x) = 4x – 3, q(x) = 3y are linear polynomial . Any linear
polynomial is in the form ax + b, where a, b are real no.
and a ≠ 0.
QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
• A polynomial of degree 2 is called a Quadratic Polynomial.
Its
general form is ax+bx2+cx, where a is not equal to zero.
• For example:
• f(x) = q(w) = are quadratic
polynomials with real coefficients.
CUBIC POLYNOMIAL
• A polynomial of degree 3 is called a Cubic polynomial.
Its
general form is ax3+bx2+cx+d, where a is not equal
to
zero.
• For example:
• f(x) = 9/5x3 – 2x2 + 7/3x _1/5 is a cubic polynomial in
variable x.
POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE
We use the letters x, y, z, etc. to denote
variables. Notice that 2x, 3x, – x, – x are
algebraic expressions. All these
expressions are of the form (a constant) ×
x. Now suppose we want to write an
expression which is (a constant) × (a
variable) and we do not know what the
constant is. In such cases, we write the
constant as a, b, c, etc. So the expression
will be ax, say. However, there is a
difference between a letter denoting a
constant and a letter denoting a variable.
ZER0ES OF A POLYNOMIAL
For example : x – 1 = 0, which gives x = 1. We say p(x) = 0
is a polynomial equation and 1 is the root of the polynomial
equation p(x) = 0. So we say 1 is the zero of the polynomial
x –1, or a root of the polynomial equation x – 1 = 0.
Now, consider the constant polynomial 5. Can you tell what its
zero is? It has no zero because replacing x by any number in
5x^0 still gives us 5.
In fact, a non-zero constant polynomial has no zero. What
about the zeroes of the zero polynomial? By convention, every
real number is a zero of the zero polynomial.
REMAINDER THEOREM
Remainder Theorem : Let p(x) be any polynomial of
degree greater than or equal to one and let a be any
real number. If p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x –
a,
then the remainder is p(a).
Proof : Let p(x) be any polynomial with degree greater
than or equal to 1. Suppose that when p(x) is divided by
x – a, the quotient is q(x) and the remainder is r(x), i.e.,
p(x) = (x – a)
q(x) + r(x)
FACTORISATION OF POLYNOMIALS
Factor Theorem : If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n > 1
and
a is any real number , then (i) x – a is a factor of p(x), if
p(a)
= 0, and (ii) p(a) = 0, if x – a is a factor of p(x).
Proof: By the Remainder Theorem, p(x)=(x – a) q(x) +
p(a).
(i) If p(a) = 0, then p(x) = (x – a) q(x), which shows that
x – a is a factor of p(x).
(ii) Since x – a is a factor of p(x), p(x) = (x – a) g(x) for
same polynomial g(x).
In this case, p(a) = (a – a) g(a) = 0.
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES
Identity 1 :
Identity 2 :
Identity 3 :
Identity 4 :
Identity 5 :
Identity 6 :
Identity 7 :
Identity 8 :
Identity 9 :
Identity 10 :
SUMMARY
1. A polynomial of one term is called a monomial.
2. A polynomial of two terms is called a binomial.
3. A polynomial of three terms is called a trinomial.
4. A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial.
5. A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial.
6. A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial.
7. A real number ‘a’ is a zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0. In this case, a is
also
called a root of the equation p(x) = 0.
8. Every linear polynomial in one variable has a unique zero, a non-zero constant
polynomial has no zero, and every real number is a zero of the zero
polynomial.
9. Remainder Theorem : If p(x) is any polynomial of degree greater than or equal
to
1 and p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x – a, then the remainder is
p(a).
10. Factor Theorem : x – a is a factor of the polynomial p(x), if p(a) = 0. Also, if x –
a
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING
MY SLIDE
BY – UTKARSH CHAUHAN
