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p13 Endocrine2

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3 views21 pages

p13 Endocrine2

Uploaded by

simaraza2002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Endocrine Diseases

Principles of medicine part 2/Practical session 12


Anesthesia department /2nd stage
Endocrine
Body system
that works with the
nervous system and
includes the pituitary
gland, hypothalamus,
thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands,
adrenal glands,
pancreatic islets, and
gonads.
Acidosis
Occurs when
carbon dioxide, the
waste product from
cellular metabolism,
accumulates in blood
and tissues to form
carbonic acid. It is a
symptom of diabetes
OR respiratory or
kidney disorders.
Acromegaly
Excessive amounts of the growth hormone from
the pituitary gland are secreted during adulthood.
It causes enlargement of the bone structures,
especially the hands and face.

Progression of disease from early (normal) normal to later (disfigured) years…


Exophthalmos
An
abnormal protrusion
of the eyes, it is a
symptom of excessive
activity of the thyroid
gland.
Goiter
A
nonconstructed
term. An abnormal
swelling or
enlargement of the
thyroid gland
caused by a tumor,
lack of iodine in
the diet, or an
infection of the
gland.
Hirsutism
A nonconstructed term.
Excessive production of
androgen hormones from
the adrenal cortex causes
excessive body hair.
When this occurs in
women, it may be
accompanied by
muscle and bone
growth resulting in
masculinization.
Ketosis
A high level of
ketone bodies in the
blood and urine. It is
the result of starvation,
low-carb diets (where
muscle and fat is being
burned for fuel instead
of carbohydrates), and
of some forms of
diabetes.
Polydipsia
An abnormal state of
excessive thirst, it
sometimes
accompanies
disorders of the
pituitary gland or
pancreas.
Adenosis
A general term for any disease of a gland.

Normal thyroid gland Diseased thyroid gland


Cretinism
May result
when the thyroid
gland does not
produce normal
levels of growth
hormones at birth.
It results in
reduced mental
development and
physical growth.
Diabetes
Insipidus
Results from
the under-secretion
of ADH…
antidiuretic
hormone.
Symptoms include
excessive thirst and This type of diabetes is
excessive urination. rare and has is nothing like
sugar diabetes.
The pancreas does Diabetes Mellitus
not produce
enough insulin to
metabolize
carbohydrates,
resulting in high
blood sugar levels.
Left unmanaged, it
may result in
kidney, nerve, or
eye damage or Type 1 requires insulin replacement.
Type 2 appears during adulthood and
even death.
can be controlled by diet and exercise.
Hyperadrenalism
The adrenal cortex
produces too much of the
hormone cortisol causing
Cushing Syndrome. It is
characterized by obesity,
hyperglycemia, a round
face, and muscle weakness.
Cushing
Syndrome
When too little hormone is produced by the adrenal
cortex, it causes Addison’s Disease characterized by
anemia, irritability of the stomach, reduced heart
action, and skin color change.
Hypercalcemia
The parathyroid glands
produce too much
parathyroid hormone
(PTH).

This causes the bones to release


calcium into the
bloodstream, and softening of the
bones can result.
Hypoglycemia
This is the opposite of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
There is too much insulin production and blood
sugar levels are too low.

This is accompanied
by headache,
weakness, tremors,
hunger, and anxiety.
It can lead to coma
or death.
Hyperthyroidism
When the thyroid
gland produces too
much hormone, it
may result in
exophthalmos
(bulging eyes),
goiter, rapid heart
rate, and weight
loss. One chronic
form of this is
Graves Disease.
Hypothyroidism
When thyroid gland activity is deficient, it
results in slow heart rate, dry skin, low energy,
and weight gain. A chronic form of this disease is
called myxedema

Before treatment - After treatment


Pancreatitis

This is a reaction to
infection or trauma,
and can be life
threatening. The
pancreas becomes
inflamed and this
results in the deficient
production of insulin
and possibly
hyperglycemia.
Pituitary
Dwarfism
The pituitary
growth hormone
is deficient at
birth, resulting in
short stature.
Pituitary
Gigantism
The pituitary
growth hormone is
abnormally high
sometime before
adolescence. During
adulthood it results
in acromegaly.

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