CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
Submitted By-
SUBMITTED TO- Satyajeet Pal
DR. H.C. THAKUR Shubham Singh
Shubhendu
Subodh
Contact No.- 09717146360
(SUBODH)
DEFINITION
Centrifugal Pumps are a sub-class of
dynamic work absorbing turbo machinery.
Designed base on centrifugal force
It is used by the conversion of rotational
kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of
fluid flow.
HISTORY
The first mechine catagrised a centrifugal
pump was a mud lifting mechine.
which appeared as earlier 1475 by
Italian Renaissance Engineer Francesco Di
Giorgo Martini.
Scientist Denis papin and British Inventor
John Appoid in 1851 developed a
modern centrifugal pump.
Types of Centrifugal Pumps
Based on number of impeller/s in the pump:
Single stage - pump has one impeller only; for low head service
Two-stage - pump has two impellers in series; for medium head service
Multi-stage - pump has three or more impellers in series; for high head
service
Based on impeller suction:
Single suction - pump with single suction impeller (impeller has suction
cavity on one side only); simple design but impeller is subjected to higher
axial thrust
imbalance due to flow coming in on one side of impeller only.
Double suction - pump with double suction impeller (impeller has suction
cavities on both sides); Pump is considered hydraulically balanced but is
susceptible to uneven flow on both sides of impeller if suction piping is not
done properly.
Based on type of volute:
Single volute - pump volute has single lip which is very easy to cast.
Is usually
used in small low capacity pumps where a double volute design is
impractical
due to relatively small size of volute passageway which make
obtaining good
quality commercial casting difficult. Pumps with single volute design
have higher radial loads.
Double volute - pump volute has dual lips located 180 degrees apart
resulting in
balanced radial loads; most centrifugal pumps are of double volute
design.
Based on nozzle location:
End suction/top discharge - the suction nozzle is located at the end of, and
concentric to, the shaft while the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the
case
perpendicular to the shaft. Pump is always of an overhung type and typically has
lower NPSHR because the liquid feeds directly into the impeller eye.
Top/top nozzles -the suction and discharge nozzles are located at the top of the
case perpendicular to the shaft. Pump can either be overhung type or
between-bearing type but is always a radially-split case pump.
Side/side nozzles - the suction and discharge nozzles are located at the sides of
the case perpendicular to the shaft. Pump can either be an axially or radially split
case type.
Based on shaft orientation:
Horizontal - pump with shaft in horizontal plane;
popular due to ease of servicing
and maintenance.
Vertical - pump with shaft in vertical plane; ideal
when space is limited.
MAIN PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Impeller
Casing
Shaft
Diffuser
Sealing Ring
Impeller
An impeller is a rotating component of
a Centrifugal pump.
It create suction through which the fluid is drawn.
Itsmade up of iron, steel,bronze, brass,aluminum
or plastic.
Impellers are usually have an open inlet (called
an eye) to accept incoming fluid,vanes to push
the fluid radially.
Different Types of Impeller
The impeller of a Centrifugal Pump
can be of three types:
• Open Impeller: The vanes
cast free on both sides.
• Semi-Open Impeller: The vanes
are cast free on one side and
enclosed on the other.
• Enclosed Impeller: The vanes are
located between the two discs, all in
a single casting.
SEALING RING
Sealing ring (leakage
reduction ring)
-Reduce the internal
leakage
-Delay the impeller and
pump casing
DIFFUSER
Diffuser consist of
floating ring of
stationary guide vanes
surrounding
the impeller.
Its increase the
efficiency of pump.
CASING
The pump’s casing houses the hole
assembly and protects is from
harm
The impellers are fitted inside the
casings
It is important to reduce friction
losses
Casings are generally of two types:
(1)volute casing
(2)circular casing
Volute casings
Volute casings build a higher head.
A volute is a curved funnel increasing in
area to the discharge port
Asthe area of the cross-section increases,
the volute reduces the speed of the liquid
and increases the pressure of the liquid.
VOLUTE CASING
circular casings
circular casings are used for low head and high
capacity.
Circular casing have stationary diffusion vanes
surrounding the impeller periphery that convert
velocity energy to pressure energy.
circular casings are divided in two way
(1)Solid casing
(2)split casing
PERMORMANCE CURVE
PRACTICAL CURVE
ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Similar to all other pumps, the centrifugal pump also converts one form of
energy into another form to operate for pumping fluid.
It principally takes mechanical energy from the motor assembled with the
pump, and converts it into either kinetic energy or the potential energy of
the fluid movement.
It absolutely depends upon the fluid as to what energy mechanical energy
convert into.
The impeller, as indicated earlier, is available in both straight and curved
blades/vanes.
The continuous rotation of the fluid creates a pressure within the impeller
and this rise in pressure transfers some amount of energy to the discharge
end too.
WORKING DIAGRAM (PRINCIPLE)
WORKING OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
A centrifugal pumps converts mechanical energy from a motor to energy of a
moving fluid.
Some of the energy goes into kinetic energy of fluid motion, and some into
potential energy,
The transfer of energy from the mechanical rotation of the impeller to the motion
and pressure of the fluid is usually described in terms of centrifugal force,
especially in older sources written before the modern concept of centrifugal
force as a fictitious force in a rotating reference frame was well articulated.
The concept of centrifugal force is not actually required to describe the action of
the centrifugal pump. In the modern centrifugal pump, most of the energy
conversion is due to the outward force that curved impeller blades impart on the
fluid. Invariably, some of the energy also pushes the fluid into a circular motion,
and this circular motion can also convey some energy and increase the pressure
DIAGRAM OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP(WORKING)
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
To pump the general water supply.
To provide booster service
To pump the domestic water supply
To support the fire protection systems.
To provide sump drainage
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS (DIAGRAM)
Advantages
There are no drive seals, therefore the risk of leaks is
completely eradicated.
This means that hazardous liquids can be pumped
without spillages.
Less heat transfer from the motor—the pump
chamber is separated from the motor by an air gap;
this provides a thermal barrier.
Complete separation of the liquid means that liquid
cannot seep into the motor from the pump.
Reduced friction.
Disadvantages
Cannot be able to work high head.
Cannot deal with high viscous fluid.
Unexpected heavy load may cause the coupling
to slip.
Ferrous particles in liquid are problematic when
you are using magnetic drive.
Itsone of the disadvantages is its relative poor
suction power.
CAVITATION
EFFECT OF CAVITATION
