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Database Concepts

Chapter 5 discusses the importance of databases for businesses, highlighting their superiority over traditional file processing systems. It introduces foundational concepts such as entities, attributes, records, and tables, and explains how databases consist of related tables and their relationships. Additionally, it covers the role of Database Management Software (DBMS) in managing databases, including components for application development, transaction processing, and data interrogation.

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5 views32 pages

Database Concepts

Chapter 5 discusses the importance of databases for businesses, highlighting their superiority over traditional file processing systems. It introduces foundational concepts such as entities, attributes, records, and tables, and explains how databases consist of related tables and their relationships. Additionally, it covers the role of Database Management Software (DBMS) in managing databases, including components for application development, transaction processing, and data interrogation.

Uploaded by

maricar ocier
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5

Database Concepts
Why Study Databases?
 Databases have incredible value to businesses.
 Very important technology for supporting operations.
 Vastly superior to file processing systems
 Businesses cannot survive without quality data
about their
 internal operations and
 external environment.
Foundation Data Concepts
Abstract Concepts
 Entity – person, place, object or event

– stored as a record or a table row

 Attribute – characteristic of an entity

– stored as field or table column


Foundation Data Concepts
Large
Database Concepts
 Database – a collection of related tables
 Tables – a collection of related records
– collection of related entities
 Record – collection of fields (table row)
–represents an entity
 Field – collection of characters (table column)
– represents an attribute
 Character – single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol

Small
Fields
 Characters “B R E I M E R” form a field

Last Name
Breimer

 A field is an attribute of an entity


Records
 A bunch of fields form a record

First Name Last Name Sex Weight


Eric Breimer Yes 263

 A record is an entity
Tables
 A bunch of records forms a table

First Name Last Name Sex Age


Eric Breimer M 30
Jeff Albert M 22
Jackie Pizzo F 21
 A table is a group of related entities
Databases
 A bunch of tables form a database

Customer Table Order Table

Product Table

 A database can represent a single


business or an entire market
Databases
 But, databases are not just a bunch of
tables Orders
OID CID PID Quantity
001 508 199 500,000
002 508 201 2
003 510 201 1

Customers Products
CID FName LName Address PID Description Cost
508 Eric Breimer ... 199 Viagra $45.99
509 Andrew Zych ... 200 Tooth Paste $2.58
510 Greg Smith ... 201 Hair Gel $5.99

 A database also includes relationships


between the different tables
Chapter 5
Relationships & Queries in
Databases
Types of Relationships
ThingA ThingB
One to One Relationship
 Examples? Man Woman
 Analysis Technique Married
 Consider ThingA and ThingB
 Can ThingA be related to more than one ThingB?
 Can ThingB be related to more than one ThingA?
 If the two answers are NO, then it is a one to one
relationship.
Types of Relationships
Student
Faculty Student
One to Many Student
 Examples? Advises
 Analysis Technique
Get Advisement
 Consider ThingA and ThingB
 Can ThingA be related to more than one ThingB?
 Can ThingB be related to more than one ThingA?
 If only one answer is yes, then you have a one to
many relationship
Types of Relationships student takes course

Student
Course Student
Many to Many Course Student
 Examples? Student
 Analysis Technique
course has a student
 Consider ThingA and ThingB
 Can ThingA be related to more than one ThingB?
 Can ThingB be related to more than one ThingA?
 If the answers are yes and yes, then the relationship
is many to many.
How to Model Relationships
Orders
OID CID PID Quantity
001 508 199 500,000
002 508 201 2
003 510 201 1

Customers Products
CID FName LName Address PID Description Cost
508 Eric Breimer ... 199 Viagra $45.99
509 Andrew Zych ... 200 Tooth Paste $2.58
510 Greg Smith ... 201 Hair Gel $5.99
Find the name and hire date of the manager working on the
sales manual project
Traditional File Processing Sucks
File Processing:
 Data is organized, stored, and processed

in independent files of data records


Problems of
File Processing
 Data Redundancy –
 duplicate data requires
update to many files

 Lack of Integration –
 data stored in
separate files
hard to combine data

 Data Dependence –
 changing the file format requires changing the program…
Database Management Approach
 Consolidates data records into one CENTRAL
database that can be accessed by many
different application programs.
Database Management Software
(DBMS)

Definition:
 Software that controls the creation,

maintenance, and use of databases


DBMS Software Components
 Database Definition
 Language and graphical tools to define
entities, relationships, integrity constraints,
and authorization rights
 Application Development
 Graphical tools to develop menus, data entry
forms, and reports
DBMS Software Components
 Transaction Processing
 Controls to prevent interference from
simultaneous users and
 Controls to recover lost data after a failure
 Database Tuning
 Tools to monitor and improve database
performance
Database Interrogation
Definition:
 Capability of a DBMS to report information from
the database in response to end users’ requests

 Query Language – allows easy, immediate


access to ad hoc data requests

 Report Generator - allows quick, easy


specification of a report format for information
users have requested
Natural Language vs. SQL
Queries
Schemas

Schema - A description
Subschema – describes
of the database
a subset of the database
and which users have
access to this subset
Data Definition Language
 Language Used to
describe Schemas
and Subschemas
 Describes
relationships between
different data
 Provides a Logical
view of the data
Data Dictionary Entry
 A more detailed description of the data in
a database
 Specifies data types
and ranges
 Assists programmers in
understanding the data
Physical vs. Logical
 DBMS concentrate on
Physical access to
the underlying tables
 Concurrency control
 Query’s
 Creating/deleting
tables
Physical vs. Logical
 MIS systems are
(Logically) interface
with a DBMS
 monthly reports
 charts
 automated inquiries
Application Development
 Today, even non-technical staff can use
tools to build little programs that use a
database.
 Database Management Systems have all
kinds of tools to develop custom application
programs and interfaces.
 Example: The College’s MIS (Banner) is
actually an application built on top of a
Oracle Database.

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