VHDL BASICS By

T V S RAM Email: [email protected] [email protected]

VHDL BASICS
VHDL(VHSIC) It is very high speed integrated circuit hardware descriptive language. What for it is used? Used to model digital system. What are its characterstics? It is case- in sensitive, means Ram,RAM rAM all equal it VHDL. -- is used for comments. language is similar to ADA, If you know C++ or PASCAL it is easy.

VHDL Basics
what it is ? It is a hardware description language that can be used to model a digital system at many levels of abstraction language, ranging from algorithm level to gate level.

VHDL BASICS
What It has?

It has an amalgamation of
.sequential language .concurrent language .net-list language .timing specifications .waveform generation language

VHDL HISTORY
What is its History? DOD of USA had started in 1981. They thought that it could act as medium for information Exchange between chip foundries and CAD tool operations. Because of Defence it was kept classified till 1985.

VHDL HISTORY
Then lot of private industry participated for development of this language In 1985 DOD had granted permission to hand over to spec to IEEE. IEEE released the number as IEEE 1076 /A. standard in dec 1987. IEEE revised in 1993.

VHDL IS CUNNING
Advantage of this language is Same language is used for analysis and synthesis But, Be careful, some are only simulatable and not synthesisable. Pl, Note At the present moment, what can be synthesizable is very vague, and much are tool Dependable.

VHDL IS CUNNING
Still IEEE is worming on a synthesisable subset of VHDL which will be supplied by all the Synthesis vendors.

VHDL CAPABILITIES
It is a language, hence it can be used as an exchange medium between chip vendors and CAD tool users. Means, chip vendors can provide VHDL descriptions of their components to system designers. CAD tool users can use them to capture the behavior of the design at a high level of abstraction for function simulation. .

VHDL CAPABILITIES
It supports hierarchy, A Digital system can be modelled as a set of interconnected components, each components in turn can be modelled as some of interconnection subcomponents. Simillar to other languages this also supports flexible design methrodologies top-down bottom - up or mixed.

VHDL CAPABILITIES
It is a Language hence it can also be used as a common medium between different CAD and CAE tools. Eg:. Schematic capture program may be used to generate a VHDL description for the design, which can be used as an input to a simulation program. It supports hierarchy,

VHDL CAPABILITIES
A Digital system can be modeled as a set of interconnected components, each components in turn can be modeled as some of interconnection sub-components. Similar to other languages this also supports flexible design methodologies top-down bottom - up or mixed. The language is not technology specific

VHDL CAPABILITIES
but is capable of supporting technology specific feature, supports various handware technology. Eg: You may define new logic types and new components. You can also model technology dependent components. By being technology independent the same model can be synthesized in to different vendor libraries.

VHDL CAPABILITIES
Supports both synchronous and asynchronous timing models. You can use, FSMs, state tables, algorithm descriptions, Boolean, wave form entry, etc, Nowadays the new tools like VISUAL HDL are available using them even flowchart, block level, also can be used as design entry. It is similar to English language.

VHDL SUPPORTS
.structural, .data-flow, .behavior A combination of all the three also possible. Wide range of abstraction levels from abstract behavior description to very precise gate level. But, below transistor level not possible.

VHDL SUPPORTS
It has elements, that make large scale design modeling easier. HOW? Using this you can create components, functions, procedures, and packages, test benches, you can model Propagation delay, Minmax delay, setup and hold time etc.,

VHDL SUPPORTS
One can use generics, and attributes which are useful in describing paramaterised model.

control bus add bus data bus int lines, digital system eg: micro processor

external view

alu device entity archite cture1

accula tor device entity

memory device entity

int handling device entity

archite cture 1

archite cutre 2

only 1 archite cture

architecture 2 only 1 archite cture archite cture3

VHDL Terminology
Digital system can be as simple as logic gate to complex system. Hardware abstraction of this system called entity ( component) . An entity X when used in entity Y becomes a component for the entity Y.

VHDL Terminology
VHDL provides five different types of primary constructs, called design units 1. Entity declaration 2. Architecture body 3. Configuration Delcaration 4. Package declaration 5. Package body

VHDL Terminology
Entity E1 Entity E2

N BI

N DI

M1:... BX:... CX:... E2_A1 E1_A1 E1_A2 E1_A3 E2_A2

Entity E3

E3_A1

E3_A2

E3_A3

VHDL Analyzer
Once an entity is modeled,it needs to be analyzed and finally it has to be simulated. Then we can say a component is created. So Next step is analyzer and simulator analyzer reads in one or more design units contained in a single file and compiles them into a design library after validating syntax

VHDL Analyzer
and performing some static semantic checks. This design library is your library, means your project library. design library is a place in the host environment where compiled design units are stored.

VHDL Simulator
The simulator simulates entity we know that each entity is represented by an entity-architecture pair or by a configuration, by reading in its compiled description from the design library and then performing the following steps.

VHDL Simulator
Elaboration initialization simulation

Entity
Entity declaration specifies the name of the design ( component) being modeled and the set of interface ports. Ports are signals through which entity communicates with the other models in its external environment.

Entity Example
A
x1

sum carry

B
A1

-- start of entity entity HALF_ADDER is

-- port declaration starts port(A,B:inBIT;SUM,CARRY:out BIT);

--port declaration ends end HALF_ADDER; --end of entity declaration

VHDL Architecture Body

What does architecture does? It describes the internal details of an entity. How it does? Using any of the following modeling styles: A set of interconnected components ( to represent structure)

VHDL Architecture Body

A set of concurrent assignment statements( to represent dataflow) A set of sequential assignments ( to represent behavior) As any combination of the above three.

 VHDL Structural style

Here entity is described as a set of interconnected component. Example for Half_adder is

VHDL Structural style example

architecture HA_STRUCTURE of HALF_ADDER is component xor2 port (in1,in2: in Bit; o1:out BIT); end component; component AND2 port (X,Y: in Bit; Z:out BIT); end component; begin u1: xor2 portmap(HAPPY1,HAPPY2,ALLHAPPY); U2: and2 portmap ( sad1,sad2,allsad); end HA_Structure;

VHDL Structural style

HA_STRUCTURE is the name of the architecture. HALF_ADDER is an entity BEGIN and END are key words used to say start and end of the architecture. The two components xor2,and2 are declared in the declarative part of the architecture body. Between Begin and End is the statement part.

VHDL Structural style

Where these xor2, and and2 exists? They may be predefined components in a library or, if they do not exist, they may later be bound to other components in a library. The declared components are instantiated in the statement part of the architecture body using component instantiation statements.

VHDL Structural style

U1, u2 are components labels for the components. Signals in the port map of a component instantiation and the port signals in the port map of a component instantiation and the port signals in the component declaration are associated by position (called positional association.

VHDL Structural style

The structural representation for the HALF_ADDER does not say anything about its functionality. Separate entity models would be described for the compoenents xor2 and and2, each having its own entity declaration and architecture body.

VHDL Data Flow style

Here the flow of data through the entity is expressed primarily using concurrent signal assignment statements. The structure of the entity is not explicitly specified in this modeling style, but it can be implicitly deduced. Look at this example.

VHDL Structural style

architecture HA_CONCURRENT of HALF_ADDER is begin sum <= A xor B after 8 ns;-- concurrent stat Carry <= A and B after 4 ns ;-- concurrent stat end HA_CONCURRENT;

 VHDL Structural style

The data flow model for the HALF_ADDER is described using two concurrent signal assignment statements. In a signal assignment statement, the symbol <= implies an assignment of a value to a signal. The value of the expression on the right hand side of the statement is computed and is assigned to the signal on the left hand side, called target signal.

 VHDL Structural style

Remember, a concurrent signal assignment statement is executed only when any signal used in the expression on the right hand side has an event on it that is, the value for the signal changes. Concurrent signal assignment statements are concurrent statements, the ordering of these statements in an architecture body is not important

 VHDL Structural style

After clauses needed to incorporate the delay. Here both signal assignments statements execute concurrently. Means, here we have two signals Signal A or B, which are input port signals of our Half_Adder, It has an event, say at time T,

VHDL Structural style

the right hand side expressions of both signal assignment statements are evaluated Signal SUM is scheduled to get the new value after 8 ns. while signal CARRY is scheduled to get the new value after 4 ns. CARRY will get its new value,and when simulation time advances to (T+8)ns, SUM will get its new value.

VHDL Structural style

The after clause may be used to generate a clock signal clk <= not CLK after 10ns; this statement creates a periodic waveform on the signal CLK with a time period of 20 ns,
CLK 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

VHDL Behavioral style

This modeling is in contrast to earlier modelings. The behavioral style modeling specifies the behavior of an entity as a set of statements that are executed sequentially in the specified order. This set of sequential statements, which are specified inside a process statement, do not explicitly specify

VHDL Behavioral style

the structure of the entity but merely its functionality. A process statement is a concurrent statement that can appear within an architecture body.
architecture DEC_SEQUENTIAL OF DECODER2X4 IS begin process(A,B,ENABLE) VARIABLE abar,bbar:bit; begin abar := not A; bbar:= not Bl if enable = '1' then z(3) <= not ( A and B); z(0) <= not (abar and bbar); z(2) <= not ( A and bbar); z(1) <= not ( abar and B); else z <= "1111"; end if; end process; end Dec_Sequential;

VHDL Behavioral style

VHDL Behavioral style

A process statement also has a declarative part( before keyword begin) and statement part ( between the keyword begin and end process). The statements appearing within the statement part are sequential statements and are executed sequentially. The list of signals specified within the parentheses after the keyword process constitutes a sensitivity list, and the process statement is invoked whenever there is an event on any

VHDL Behavioral style

signal in this list. In the previous example when an event occurs on signals A, B, or Enable, the statements appearing within the process statement are executed sequentially. Variables declared in the processes have their scope limited to that process. Variables can also be declared in sub programs. It is possible to use case or loop statements within a process.

VHDL process
We can use case, loop etc within process. Normally they are similar as C or pascal. An explicit wait statement can also be used to suspend a process. It can be used to wait for a certain amount of time, until a certain condition becomes true, or until an event occurs on one or more signals.

 Eg: process begin clk <= 0;wait for 20 ns; clk <= 1;wait for 12 ns; end process;
clk 0 20 32 52 64 84 96

VHDL process
This process does not sensitivity list pl. observe the code. Because explicit wait statements are present inside the process. It is important to remember that a process never terminates. It is always either being executed or in suspended state. All processes are executed once during the initialization phase of simulation until they get suspended.

VHDL process
A process with no sensitivity list and no explicit wait statement will never suspend itself. Eg: of DFF. Entity DFF IS Port (Q:out BIT; D,clk: in BIT); End DFF;

VHDL process
Architecture DFF_beh of DFF is Begin Process ( D,clk) Begin If clk = '1' then Q <= D; End if; End process; End Dff_beh;

VHDL process
This process executes whever there is an even on signal D or CLK. If the value of CLK is '1' , the value of D is assigned to Q. If CLK is '0', then no assignment to Q takes place. Thus, as long as CLK is '1' any change on D will appear on Q. Once clk becomes '0', the value in Q is retained.

VHDL Mixed style modeling

Within architecture All three can be mixed. Ie.,
we can use component instantiation(

structure) concurrent signal assignments(dataflow) process statements ( behavior).

VHDL FULL ADDER MIXED

Entity FA is Port ( a,b,cin:in bit; sum,cout:out bit); End FA Architecture FA_mixed of FA is Component xor2 Port(p1,p2:in bit; pz :out BIT); End component; Signal s1:bit; Begin X1:xor2 portmap (A,B,S1); -- - structure Process ( A,B,CIN) -- - behavior Variable t1,t2,t3:bit; Begin T1 := A and B; T2 := B and cin; T3 := a and cin; Cout <= t1 or t2 or t3; End process; Sum <= s1 xor cin; -- -- dataflow End FA;

EXAMPLE FOR MIXED MODELING

A
x1

CIN B

x1

SUM

CARRY

BEHAVIOR

This FA is done with one component instantiation one process statement , one concurrent signal assignment. Note all these statements are concurrent statements. Therefore their order of appearance within the architecture body is not important.

This is done using one component instantiation one process statement and ond concurrent signal assignment. Note all these statements are concurrent statements. Therefore their order of appearance within the architecture body is not important.

VHDL configuration declaration

As discussed earlier, an entity can consists of any no of architectures but, while compilation only one architecture should be there. This can be dictated by configuration file . So, a configuration is used to select one of the possiblly many architecture bodies that an entity may, have, and to bind coponents,

VHDL configuration declaration

Used to represent structure in that architecture body, to entities represented by an entityarchitecture pair or by a configuration which reside in a design library,

eg:

VHDL configuration declaration

Library cmos_lib,my_lib; -- - library clause both library visible in configuration Configuration Ha_binding of half_adder is - -configuration name Ha_binding and specifies For ha_structure -- specifies that the architecture body it has two components -- threfore two configuration. X1 repesents entity architecture pair, For x1:xor2 -- - xor gate and dataflow architecture which resides com_lib -- - design library. Use entity cmos_lib.xor_gate(dataflow); End for; For A1:and2 -- similarly for and2 also. Use configuration My_lib,and_config; End for; End for; End Ha_binding;

Package declaration
A package declaration is used to store a set of common declarations such as components,types, procedures, and functions. These declarations can then be imported into other design units using a "use" clause.
Package ex_traffic_light is ---- name of package it has type, component, function see that int2bit_Vec does not appear in the package -- only interface appears, Type color is (red,green,yello); Component D_myFF Port (D,CK: in bit; Q :out BIT); End component; Constant pin2pin_delay :time := 125ns; Function int2bit_vec ( int_value:integer) Return bit_vector; End ex_traffic_light;

Package declaration
Used to store the definitions of functions and procedures that were declared in the corresponding package declaration, and also the complete constant declarations for any declarations of any deferred constants that appear in the package declaration. Package body is always associated with package declaration. Package declaration can have at most one package body associated with it. Contrast this with an architecture body and an entity declaration, where multiple architecture bodies may be associated wit a single entity declaration

Package declaration
Package body exam_pack is - - name of the package is same as package declarations Function int2bit_vec ( int_value:integer) Return bit_vector is Begin - -behavior of function described here. End int2bit_vec; End exam_pack;

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