Scribd
Upload
17 views

Unit 3 Notes_unit3

The document discusses the significance of 3D graphics in modern gaming, highlighting key components such as rendering engines, scene graphs, and animation systems. It outlines the evolution of 3D graphics, various rendering techniques, and the importance of collision detection and rigid body dynamics. The conclusion emphasizes future trends like real-time ray tracing and AI-driven animations.

Uploaded by

s79275602
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Unit 3 Notes_unit3

The document discusses the significance of 3D graphics in modern gaming, highlighting key components such as rendering engines, scene graphs, and animation systems. It outlines the evolution of 3D graphics, various rendering techniques, and the importance of collision detection and rigid body dynamics. The conclusion emphasizes future trends like real-time ray tracing and AI-driven animations.

Uploaded by

s79275602
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Game Engine

Unit -3
Based on '3D Graphics for Game Programming' by Jung
Hyun Han (Delmar Cengage Learning, 2011)
Presenter Name – Shiv Tripathi
March 2025
Importance of 3D Graphics in Modern Games

• 3D graphics form the foundation of immersive and


visually engaging gaming experiences.

• Advances in rendering techniques have enabled


photorealistic visuals and real-time performance.

• Used across various genres: FPS, RPG, open-world,


simulation, and VR games
Key Components of 3D Graphics

• Rendering Engine: Processes and converts 3D models


into 2D images on screen.
• Scene Graph: Organizes 3D objects and manages
rendering order.
• Level of Detail (LOD): Optimizes performance by
adjusting object complexity.
• Animation Systems: Handles motion, rigging, and
skeletal movements.
• Collision & Rigid Body Dynamics: Simulates realistic
interactions between game objects.
Evolution of 3D Graphics in Games

• Early 90s: Simple polygons and texture mapping


(DOOM, Quake).
• 2000s: Advanced shaders, physics, and AI-driven
rendering (Half-Life 2, Unreal Engine).
• 2010s-Present: Real-time ray tracing, procedural
generation, and AI-enhanced graphics (Cyberpunk
2077, Unreal Engine 5).
Rendering Engine and Rendering Pipeline

What is a Rendering Engine?


• A software framework responsible for converting 3D
models into 2D images.
• Manages shaders, lighting, texture mapping, and
effects.
• Examples: Unreal Engine, Unity, CryEngine, Frostbite.
Rendering Engine and Rendering Pipeline

Rendering Pipeline Overview


1.Application Stage: Processes game logic, AI, and
user input.
2.Geometry Stage: Transforms 3D models, applies
shaders, and prepares rendering data.
3.Rasterization Stage: Converts 3D elements into
pixels, applies lighting and textures.
4.Post-processing: Adds effects like bloom, motion
blur, and depth of field.
Rendering Engine and Rendering Pipeline

Types of Rendering
• Forward Rendering: Simple but expensive in processing.
• Deferred Rendering: Optimized for complex scenes with
multiple light sources.
• Ray Tracing: Uses real-time light simulation for ultra-
realistic reflections and shadows.
GPU Role in Rendering
• Modern GPUs accelerate rendering through parallel
processing.
• Uses APIs like DirectX, OpenGL, Vulkan.
Scene Graph

Definition & Purpose


• A hierarchical data structure that organizes and manages
objects in a 3D scene.
• Controls rendering order, transformations, and culling to
improve efficiency.
Scene Graph Components
• Nodes: Represent game objects (meshes, lights, cameras).
• Hierarchy: Parent-child relationships for linked
transformations.
• Culling Techniques: Removes unseen objects for optimization
(frustum culling, occlusion culling).
Scene Graph

Example in Game Development


• Unreal Engine: Uses an Actor-Component system with
hierarchical Scene Graphs.
• Unity: Employs GameObjects structured in a Scene
Graph.
Level of Detail (LOD)

What is LOD?
• Technique to reduce polygon count for objects based on camera
distance.
• Maintains performance while keeping visual quality intact.

Types of LOD
• Geometric LOD: Uses multiple versions of a model (high-poly to
low-poly).
• Texture LOD: Reduces texture resolution for distant objects.
• Impostor Rendering: Uses 2D sprites instead of complex 3D
models at long distances.
Level of Detail (LOD)

Implementation in Games
• Open-world games (GTA, Assassin’s Creed) use LOD to
render vast landscapes.
• Unity & Unreal Engine provide built-in LOD systems.
Sorting in Rendering

Why is Sorting Important?


• Determines the order of rendering objects for correct
depth perception and transparency handling.
Sorting Techniques
• Depth Buffering (Z-buffering): Stores depth
information to resolve occlusion.
• Painter’s Algorithm: Renders objects from back to front
to manage transparency.
• Order-Independent Transparency (OIT): Uses GPU
sorting for complex transparency effects.
Animation Systems

Types of Animation in Games


• Keyframe Animation: Manually defined key positions
for smooth transitions.
• Skeletal Animation: Uses a rigged skeleton to deform
meshes.
• Blend Shapes: Morphs vertex positions for facial
expressions.
• Physics-Based Animation: Uses physics engines for
realism (ragdoll physics, cloth simulation).
Animation Systems

Animation Pipeline
1.Modeling & Rigging: Create character models and skeletal rigs.
2.Keyframe or Motion Capture Animation: Define animations or
record real movement.
3.Blending & Inverse Kinematics (IK): Adjust transitions
dynamically.
4.Real-Time Execution: Runs animations efficiently during gameplay.

Game Examples
• Motion-captured animations in FIFA, GTA.
• AI-driven animations in Red Dead Redemption 2.
Collision Detection and Rigid Body Dynamics

Collision Detection Techniques


• Bounding Box (AABB & OBB): Simplified collision
boundaries.
• Sphere Collision: Efficient but imprecise.
• Mesh Collisions: Complex but accurate.
• Raycasting: Detects objects along a line for aiming and
interactions.
Collision Detection and Rigid Body Dynamics

Rigid Body Physics


• Simulates realistic object movement.
• Uses physics engines like PhysX (NVIDIA), Bullet
Physics.
Game Applications
• Bullet physics in Half-Life 2.
• Dynamic destruction in Battlefield series.
Conclusion

Summary of Key Topics


• Rendering pipeline optimizes performance.
• Scene Graph structures game objects efficiently.
• LOD improves rendering performance.
• Sorting techniques ensure correct rendering order.
• Animation systems bring characters to life.
• Collision and physics simulate real-world interactions.
Future Trends
• Real-time ray tracing for ultra-realistic lighting.
• AI-driven animation generation.
• Physics-based procedural animations.

You might also like