UTILITY DESIGN PROGRAM

INTEGRATING SYSTEM
ELEMENTS
Ar/EnP Junar P. Tablan, PhD,
uap, piep
Building Utilities 3
Mapua University

4th Quarter AY 2022 - 2023

ACOUSTICS
Sounds and noises around us can have a profound impact on
everything we do.

The Case for Better Architectural Acoustics

Products and surfaces that can dampen noise levels can be greatly
beneficial in all types of architecture. But, acoustics go much further
than controlling noise levels.

Design for experience, not appearance

This leads to a poor experience for homeowners who don’t know
how to use light strategically. Designing for appearance can lead
you to ignore the other factors that contribute to an experience.
ACOUSTICS
Architectural acoustics- Getting technical
To understand acoustics, we need to understand how sound works
and travels. Once we understand that, it becomes clear why we must
control how sound moves through a space and how much of it
reaches our ears.

The builder’s dilemma: choosing the right solution for your acoustic
needs
As a builder, it may be tempting to ignore acoustics in an attempt to
save money. While this may be true in the short-term, the long-term
benefits are compelling. Plus, planning for acoustics early in the
building process is actually more cost-effective than you might
ACOUSTICS
Builders need to consider the noisy culprit when picking an acoustic
solution
Many different building elements could impact sound quality
depending on the source of the noise; these building elements might
even be the source themselves.

Incorporating acoustics early allows you to blend beauty and

functionality
The best way to solve acoustic challenges is to start with the
architectural design. Room layout plays a major role in controlling
sound.
LIGHTING
View, human health, illuminance, luminance and sustainability
are criteria that could justify why daylighting is introduced on a
given project, as well as how it is handled as a design and as an
engineering element.

ESTABLISHING A LIGHTING CONTROL CONCEPT

An appropriate electric lighting control concept for a daylit-
building consists of a group of components coherent and integrated
in a certain sequence. The two main components are: The
integrated lighting control zones and the control strategy for each zone.
LIGHTING
INTEGRATED LIGHTING CONTROL ZONE STRATEGY
The integrated lighting control zones are areas in the building that
use daylight and electric light jointly to provide task, background or
general illuminance.
A simple visual observation of the daylight distribution data, which
has been determined through any of the numerical or physical scale
modelling techniques, or by photographic records from a model,
should be used to help determine lighting zones.
LIGHTING
Daylight factor contour plots, with
different aperture-design configurations

A combination of factors could affect the

number and size of zones:
● Dominated sky condition and solar
location
● Daylight aperture location and
configuration
● Task work location and contrast ratio
LIGHTING
Establishing lighting control zones in two
examples of daylight – apertures: Side lighting
and toplighting.

The relation between the brightness of

zones is an important issue in order to
achieve visual comfort within a space;
this could be realized by a reasonable
contrast within a zone.
LIGHTING
Therefore three ratios are recommended between the station point of
maximum illuminance (task illuminance) and the station point of
minimum illuminance (background illuminance) within a zone:
● Task/background illuminance ratio=3:1
● Task/background illuminance ratio=6:1
● Task/background illuminance ratio=9:1
LIGHTING
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS

Establishing the control zones is a main step in the sequence of

integrated lighting design. It is important to identify the location and
the organization of luminaries and to specify the electric lighting
control strategy.
The indoor spaces could be categorized into two main functions:
● Owned spaces: These could be small rooms for one or two people
like cellular offices or shared spaces (multi occupied) or
temporarily owned spaces. In these spaces, occupants are
responsible to operate the lighting controls.
● Unowned and Managed spaces: In these spaces, occupants do not
LIGHTING
Three kinds of daylight-linked lighting control:

1. Manual Systems
Conventional manual switching has often been the default option;
it could be classified into three forms according to the space area
and number of occupants, as follows:
● Manual on/off switching
● Localized switching
● Timed switch –off with manual reset
LIGHTING
2. Photoelectric Systems
Manual system does not work so well in spaces where occupants
do not feel they have ownership of the light switching (unowned and
managed spaces) In this case photoelectric control is a better way to
link electric lighting to daylight.
LIGHTING

Photoelectric control systems consist of Control strategies appropriate for

photo sensors that automatically adjust the various daylighting levels.
output level of electric lights based on the
amount of daylight detected.
 LIGHTING

The of
integration
photoelectric The concept of stepped
switching control with the controls system in a daylit
daylight, available int
takin - space.
consideratio g o The of
integration
photoelectric
n light the desire
dimmingwith the
control
level. d
available
daylight, int
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consideration the desire
LIGHTING
3. Occupancy Detection
Occupancy sensing is not specifically daylight linked but it could
give significant extra saving of energy in intermittently occupied
areas. It is occurred by motion sensors which could be integrated
into switches or could be independently mounted devices. Motion
sensors offer the promise of switching lights off when lighted areas
are unoccupied for a predetermined period
LIGHTING
● Integrating the EMS and Lighting Control Systems
Many lighting control systems could be interfaced with existing
energy management systems (EMS) to provide additional control
possibilities.

● Harmony of Lighting Colours: Colour Temperature

The sky varies in colour with time, azimuth and altitude. These
variations are very great, and no electric lamp matches
continuously the colour appearance of daylight.
HV
AC
● By reacting to the loads imposed by the building's envelope design, lighting system
design, and occupant activities, the HVAC systems maintain a comfortable and healthy
indoor environment

● Uses a great deal of power = large impact on a building’s energy usage

● To optimise energy efficiency, is to be able to control it and communicate with other

building systems

● Integration must be a conscious effort among the various design professionals involved
in the project

● Proper design of control schemes

✓ provide fresh air for the
occupants, and
✓ remove contaminants from the building
In order to complement the architectural and lighting designs and minimizes building energy
HV
ACHVAC System Zones
✓ Determine minimum conditions such as temperature and humidity
requirements
1. Group spaces having similar space conditioning requirements into
one zone,
2. separate the HVAC systems into zones based on these expected
loads

When identifying HVAC system zones:

● Separate areas with special temperature or humidity requirements

(e.g., computer rooms) from those areas that require comfort
heating and cooling.
HV
AC
● It is important to Identify the space loads to determine the
capacity of the HVAC equipment for each zone.
● Carefully calculate the HVAC system loads using computer
simulation tools
● Do not use “rules of thumb” such as sizing an air-conditioning
unit’s capacity assuming that so many tons of cooling are needed
per sq foot of building floor area
● It is important to use computer simulation tools to assist with
making engineering design decisions
HV
AC
HVAC
Perimeter Zones

● The wall, roof, and floor insulation and the heat transfer
characteristics of the window glass will affect the perimeter zone
heating and cooling loads

● It is likely that daylighting will be available in the perimeter zones.

● Interior zones may have daylighting if clerestories, roof

monitors, light tubes, or other strategies are used to bring
daylighting to the space

● A good daylighting design will decrease the internal heat gains

from operating electric lighting systems and introduce little or no
adverse solar gains.

● Reducing the internal and solar heat gains decreases cooling

loads and potentially increases heating loads.
HV
AC

Placing the windows deep in the south-facing wall helps to shade the
window to minimize direct solar gains and reduce perimeter cooling
loads.
HV
AC
Interior Zones

● Internal loads from space occupants and excess heat from

running electrical lighting systems and space equipment
usually assess the heating and cooling loads in the interior
region
● Reduce internal loads as much as possible by reducing the
lighting loads
● Use efficient lighting fixtures and control the lighting to operate
only to provide the lighting level needed when the space is
occupied
● Also, select energy-efficient equipment or
recommend specific energy-efficient equipment for the
HV
AC
Ventilation System for Zones
● The air requirements for ventilation also differ from one zone to another.
● Ventilation is the use of outdoor air to regulate the concentration of containments
by diluting or eliminating pollutants from their source
● Demand-controlled ventilation reduces external air requirements to the minimum
needed for actual area occupancy where the zone does not benefit from economizer
activity.
● Demand-controlled ventilation will substantially reduce the heating and cooling
needed to treat outdoor air
● Carbon dioxide sensors are a useful measure of human bioeffluent concentration,
and work well to control air levels for ventilation
● Using multiple sensors to ensure adequate ventilation in densely populated areas
versus lightly populated
HV
AC
● In general, position one sensor for the air handling unit 's return
air stream and one sensor for each densely occupied space to
ensure proper ventilation according to minimum requirements
and provide opportunities for greater energy savings
ELECTRICA
L
Process Automation System (PAS) - used to control a
process such as chemical plants, oil refineries, paper
and pulp factories automatically. The PAS also
interconnects sensors, controllers, operator terminals
and actuators through a network

Power-system Automation - is the act of automatically

controlling the power system via instrumentation and
control devices.
ELECTRICA
L
An Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) is a term
used in the electric power industry to describe
microprocessor-based controllers of power
system equipment, such as circuit breakers,
transformers and capacitor banks.

IEC 61850 is an international standard defining

communication protocols for intelligent
electronic devices at electrical substations.
Image from
ABB.
ELECTRICA
L
IEC 61850 is an international standardized method to address three important issues:

1Application
of peer to peer Communication between devices
without hardwired connections.

2Substation Configuration Language (SCL) and Naming

Conventions 3 Conformance testing and System

specifications
ELECTRICA
Application of peer to peer Communication between devices
L without hardwired connections.
1.
ELECTRICAL
Site pictures of conventional
substation
ELECTRICA
L
ELECTRICAL
Site pictures of automated
substation
ELECTRICA
L2. Substation Configuration Language (SCL) and Naming
Conventions

IEC61850 has specified a substation

configuration language (SCL) that will accept
XML file from the product of each vendor
containing the product configuration
information known as the ICD. The
substation configuration program will
remove the XML file ICD portions from each
computer within the system and allow the
user to construct an overall configuration of
the system. With each device, the
configured file is called the CID file which
can be extracted and then loaded back into
the corresponding XML file with transfer
back to each device. This standardization
significantly reduces the time and expense
of IDE, HMI, and SCADA engineering
ELECTRICA
L specifications
Conformance testing and System
3.
ELECTRICA
L When we consider the large number of available protocols;

✔ bandwidth and cost-efficiency of this approach is very limited

= solutions having to be implemented on a project-by-project or even device-by-device
basis.

multiple systems mean multiple databases, additional engineering tools, different

operator stations, and more system administration and maintenance.

If a device needs to be integrated to the control system, it could require a

solution designed just for that single device.
ELECTRICA
L
We can eliminate it through electrical integration, but how?

By integrating process automation and power automation into the same plant control
system.
ELECTRICA
L ● Integrating the process automation system with the power automation system
allows a single overall strategy in the areas of engineering, operations and
maintenance.

● IEC 61850 interfaces also support redundancy, making the integrated power and
control system more tolerant of failures.

● One drawback of this integrated system approach is that IED attributes, such as
parameter settings, are managed by tools specific to each IED manufacturer.
ELECTRICA
LBenefits of Electrical Integration
✔ reduced investment cost through one integrated system

✔ improved operator effectiveness and collaboration across all areas of the plant

✔ reduced maintenance costs through using one common maintenance strategy for the entire plant.

✔ can also provide an enhanced energy reduction program by improved visibility into power consumption
ELECTRICA
L The main objective of a power management system is to avoid blackouts, especially
those with in-house generation, critical loads or insufficient supply from the electrical
grid. One critical functionality of a power management system is load-shedding; keeping
critical loads running should incoming power be lost. Non-critical loads are shed to
keep critical parts of the plant running.

With electrical integration, load-shedding applications are now easier to design and can
have an even faster response time compared to hard-wired solutions.

Load-shedding can be implemented using an Ethernet-based solution, which means

faster trips, monitoring of trip data quality and reconfiguration of trip logic without
re-wiring. This allows a faster response to power glitches, giving increased plant uptime
by preventing blackouts.
ELECTRICA
L ● With access to all critical electrical data, cost-sensitive producers can reduce
their total consumption of electrical power significantly

● An integrated system enables plant operators to see and understand power usage
in a more coordinated manner, allowing new energy-saving opportunities and
allowing existing reduction programs to be improved

● An increase in power consumption by a unit or area due to equipment malfunction

and wear can quickly be remedied, while better visibility of power consumption and
costs allows easier energy audits and benchmarking.
ELECTRICA
L

ICSS for an FPSO operating in the Jordbaer field in the Norwegian sector of the North
Sea.
STRUCTURAL &
A RCHITECTLIGHTING
STRUCTURAL URAL - A lighting element that is built into a
structure or that uses the structure as a part of the luminaire

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING ELEMENTS is usually made when dealing

coves, cornices, valances, coffers, skylights, or other luminous surfaces
not normally comprising a lighting fixture.
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHofITE
Quality CTURAL
light

Good distribution of light, place a low level of light evenly around the
room. In many rooms large amounts of light for reading or other
activities may be needed in only one or two areas, creating
contrasting areas of extreme brightness and darkness (unbalanced
light).
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHITECTURAL
GLARE is a common problem in home light. Very sharp contrasts of
unbalanced light cause glare, which causes discomfort, eye fatigue,
and interferes with vision due to excessive brightness. Glare is not
caused by too much light, but rather by incorrect placement of light,
undiffused I ight, or the reflection of light from surrounding surfaces.
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHITECTURAL
Diffusion of light is important to provide good distribution and to
prevent glare
STRUCTURAL &
A RCHValances
Lighted ITECTU-Rprovides
AL upward and downward
illumination and typically runs continuously along
a wall.
-Valance lighting is a good
choice for living rooms, bedrooms, and
kitchens.
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHCoves
Lighted ITECT-U RALdistribute light
-Coves
up ward.

- Use the ceiling as a reflector to

distribute light indirectly throughout
the room.
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHsoffits
Lighted ITECT-Soffit
URAdistributes
L light
downward.
-They can produce dramatic lighting
effects on walls, draperies, and
murals.
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHITE
Luminous CTUR
Ceiling AL ceilings
- Luminous
are suspended systems that provide
light to an interior space, similar to
sunlight through roof openings.
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHITECTURAL

Lighted Canopies - Th canop overhang

is It mos applicabl toe y bath o dressin
t providese generr g.
illuminationexcellent
as well as light to the user’s al room
face.
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHITECTUWall
Luminous RAL - Luminou wal panels
create pleasant s vistas; ar l comfortabl
backgroun for seeing teasks; e
d i dinin areas famil andlu
touc n g , y Wide xury
h as room materialdivider availabl room
and
diffusing deco s s. e s
covers.
of rative variet
y
for
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHITEClow
Lighted TURALwall brackets - brackets
are used for special wall Low or
lighting specific tasks suc emphasi
a sink for
reading in bed, etc. h ss , rang
e,
STRUCTURAL &
ARCHITEChigh
Lighted TURALwall brackets - wall
brackets provid bot up an High ligh
for e h d
lighting dow t
interior general roo
to .
balanc windon o
both wall m
architectural e w Used n
distributi sly and
Mountin in valanc
on. g e
lightin
determined by wind.
g
height
STRUCTURAL &
A RCHITECTURAL
Lighted
Cornies
Cornines direct all their ligh downwar
to dramati interes to t d
coverin ,
give c t ETC. May wall g be use
draperies,
ove mural, wher also d
the r window does wind
lighting. e spac abov
valanc
ows rooms.
Good for low ceilinged not e e e
permi
t