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Lecture 1 (limits)

The document provides an overview of Calculus 1, covering its two main branches: Differential Calculus, which focuses on rates of change, and Integral Calculus, which deals with accumulation of quantities. It highlights the importance of foundational mathematical concepts such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry for understanding calculus. Additionally, it introduces limits, limit laws, and their applications in evaluating polynomial and rational functions.

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3 views

Lecture 1 (limits)

The document provides an overview of Calculus 1, covering its two main branches: Differential Calculus, which focuses on rates of change, and Integral Calculus, which deals with accumulation of quantities. It highlights the importance of foundational mathematical concepts such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry for understanding calculus. Additionally, it introduces limits, limit laws, and their applications in evaluating polynomial and rational functions.

Uploaded by

emmanuelkrampah944
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATP112:CALCULUS 1

MATP112: CALCULUS 1
Calculus is a branch of mathematics that studies how things change. It's a
fundamental tool used in science, engineering, economics, and beyond to analyze
and describe rates of change and accumulation. Here’s a brief introduction to some
key concepts in calculus:

Calculus is divided into two main branches:

• Differential Calculus: Focuses on the rate at which quantities change. This


involves the concept of the derivative.

• Integral Calculus: Deals with accumulation of quantities, such as areas under


curves, which involves the concept of the integral.

Both branches are connected by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.


Applications of Calculus

• Physics: Calculus helps describe motion, forces, and energy.

• Engineering: It is used to design systems and optimize performance.

• Economics: To study marginal costs and revenue.

• Biology: For modeling population growth and rates of reaction.


Before taking calculus, it’s essential to have a solid understanding of several
foundational mathematical topics. These concepts ensure you can approach calculus
problems with confidence. Here are the key areas to focus on:

1. Arithmetic and Number Operations


• Basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
• Order of operations (BODMAS)
• Fractions, decimals, and percentages
• Ratios and proportions

2. Algebra
• Equations and Inequalities:
• Solving linear and quadratic equations
• Solving inequalities and representing solutions on a number line
• Functions:
Understanding functions and their notation
Domain and range of functions
Evaluating functions

• Manipulating Expressions:
Factoring polynomials
Simplifying algebraic expressions
Working with exponents and radicals

• Graphing:
Plotting points and graphing linear, quadratic, and other basic functions
Understanding slopes, intercepts, and transformations of graphs
3. Geometry
• Basic properties of geometric shapes (triangles, circles, etc.)
• Pythagorean theorem
• Coordinate geometry:
Distance formula
Midpoint formula
Equation of a line
Understanding angles, slopes, and perpendicular/parallel lines
4. Trigonometry (optional but useful)
• Basic trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent
• Unit circle and radian measure
• Right triangle relationships
• Graphing trigonometric functions (basic understanding)
5. Functions and Graphing
• Recognizing and working with different types of functions:
Linear, quadratic, polynomial, rational, exponential, and logarithmic
• Transformations of functions (shifting, stretching, compressing, reflecting)
• Symmetry and asymptotes
• Inverse functions

6. Exponents and Logarithms


• Laws of exponents
• Simplifying expressions with exponents
• Understanding logarithms and their relationship to exponents
• Properties of logarithms
LIMITS
 Limits of polynomial functions.
A polynomial in x is any function that can be expressed in the form

Where n is some definite positive integer, x is a variable, and are constant


coefficients some of which may be zero.

The limit of a polynomial function as x approach a constant k is obtained by


substituting k directly into the function to replace the variable x.

For example, if then


Examples
Find the limit values of

Solution

Try the remaining examples.


 CALCULATING LIMITS USING THE LIMIT LAWS
Limit Laws: Suppose that c is a constant and the limits
exist. Then

1. +

2.

3. if ≠ 0
These five laws can be stated verbally as follows:

Sum Law →1. The limit of a sum is the sum of the limits.

Difference Law → 2. The limit of a difference is the difference of the limits.


Constant Multiple Law → 3. The limit of a constant times a function is the
constant times the limit of the function.

Product Law → 4. The limit of a product is the product of the limits.


Quotient Law → 5. The limit of a quotient is the quotient of the limits (provided
that the limit of the denominator is not 0).
6. where n is a positive integer
7.
8.
9. where n is a positive integer
10. where n is a positive integer
(If n is even, we assume that a > 0.)
11. where n is a positive integer
[If n is even, we assume that > 0.]
Evaluate the following limits

Solution

2. Answer =
Direct Substitution Property
If f is a polynomial or a rational function and a is in the domain of f , then

Functions with the Direct Substitution Property are called continuous at a.


However, not all limits can be evaluated by direct substitution, as the following
examples show.
 Find

solution

Let f(x) =
We can’t find the limit by substituting because f(1) isn’t defined. Nor can we
apply the Quotient Law, because the limit of the denominator is 0. Instead, we
need to do some preliminary algebra. We factor the numerator as a difference of
squares:

Now, =
Evaluate

Answer : 6

Find

Answer :
 Limits of rational functions.
A function f(x) is said to be a rational function if it can be expressed as the
quotient of two polynomial in x, that is
The limit as x approaches a is given by

If the values of g(a) and h(a) are both zero (0) or infinity (∞), then we
manipulate the rational function or reduce it to its simplest form.

Note the following:

1. Any number (except zero) divided by an infinitely large number is zero.


Therefore
2. Any number (except zero) divided by zero is infinity. Therefore

3. Zero divided by any number (except zero) is zero. Therefore

Examples
1. Find the limiting values of

Ans: 2
2. Evaluate the following limits:

When is substituted into the expression, we obtain .

Therefore, we first reduce the expression to its simplest form before substitution

b.
Ans: 1
3. Evaluate the following limits:

b.
Ans:
4. Evaluate the following limits:

b.
Ans: 3
5. Evaluate

b.
Ans: 8
 Infinity
Given the rational function , the limit as x approaches infinity is written as
The limiting value is determined by the first dividing through both numerator and
denominator by the variable with the highest power of x.
Examples
Evaluate the following limits
a. Ans: 2
b. Ans: 5

Therefore,
• Express in the form and hence find the limiting value of f(x) a x approaches
infinity.

Ans: 5
 Limits of trigonometric functions

If θ is measured in radians, then the following identities are valid


Examples

Evaluate the following limits


c.
Assignment 1
Evaluate the following limits
Thank
you

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