Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Art as Cognition & Expression

The Definition of Art
The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual
form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their
beauty or emotional power.
Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artworks ,
expressing the author's imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended to be
appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. Other activities related to the production of
works of art include the criticism of art, and the study of the history of art.
There is no universally accepted definition of art. Although commonly used to describe
something of beauty, the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination
which produces an aesthetic works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional
power.

The evolution of the Art

Before 11th century A time when there was no concept of “ART” as we understand them
today. In this time what we today consider art works like painted pottery and manuscripts
were produced and these objects may have been appreciated in various ways and often
admired, but not as "art" in the current sense.

By 11th and 12th century "Skill at doing anything as a result of knowledge and practice” -
Definition by oxford dictionary (Skill at everything from mathematics to medicine)11th and
12th centuries was Romanesque architecture. Characterised by thick walls, round arches,
piers, barrel vaults (a type of roofing formed by a series of round arches), groin vaults
(double barrel vaults) and columns.

15th and 16th centuries The idea of an object being a "work of art" emerges, together with
the concept of the Artist, in Italy. During renaissance Art emerged as a collective term
encompassing painting, sculpture and Architecture. Rise in the social status of the artist
equated with poets and musicians.

Late 16th century In the latter half of the 16th century the first academies of art were
founded, first in Italy, then in France, and later elsewhere. Academies took on the task of
educating the artist through a course of instruction that included such subjects as geometry
and anatomy. Out of the academies emerged the term "Fine Arts" which held to a very
narrow definition of what constituted art. Art now included Music and poetry and was known
as “Fine arts” which excluded decorative arts and craft like pottery, furniture making,
weaving, metal working etc. which have utility as an end. A change in attitude, art is
described as "A pursuit or occupation in which skill is directed toward the ratification of
taste or production of what is beautiful. “

19th century The institutionalizing of art in the academies eventually

provoked a reaction to its strictures and definitions in the 19th century at which time new
claims were made about the nature of painting and sculpture. By the middle of the
century, "modernist" an approaches were introduced which adopted new subject matter and
new
 Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

painterly values. In large measure, the modern artists rejected, or contradicted, the standards
and principles of the academies and the Renaissance tradition. By the end of the 19th century
and the beginning of the 20th, artists began to formulate the notion of truth to one's materials,
recognizing that paint is pigment and the canvas a two-dimensional surface. At this time the
call also went up for "Art for Art's
Sake." The birth of Modernism through such movements as impressionism, expressionism,
and Symbolism. Underlying most of the modernist movements have been earnest efforts
at
social engineering- utopianism for the new industrial state that was taking shape.
Modernism in Art
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr0Vjnsa-WY

Definition of Art is Limited by Era and Culture:

• Another thing to be aware of is the fact that art reflects and belongs to the
period and culture from which it is spawned.

• After all, how can we compare prehistoric murals (e.g. stone age cave painting) or tribal art,
or native Oceanic art, or primitive African art, with Michelangelo's 16th century Old
Testament frescoes on the walls and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel? Political events are the
most obvious era-factors that influence art: for example, art styles like Expressionism, Dada,
and Surrealism were products of political uncertainty and upheavals.

• Cultural differences also act as natural borders. After all, Western draughtsman ship is light
years away from Chinese calligraphy; and what Western art forms compare with the art
of origami paper folding from Japan? Religion is a major cultural variable that alters the
shape of the artistic envelope. The Baroque style was strongly influenced by the Catholic
Counter-Reformation, while Islamic art (like Orthodox Christianity), and forbids certain
types of artistic iconography.

• In other words, whatever definition of art we arrive at, it is bound to be limited to our era
and culture. Even then, categories like Outsider art have to be taken into consideration

Five Reasons Why We Need Art:

Art, in its many forms, exists in every community, every culture, and every country. Art has
been created since time began, evidenced in cave paintings and rock art, and in today‟s world
we know that art can be a major economic force, yet we continue to question the worth of art.
Often I have heard someone dismiss a work of art by saying, “I could do that” or “I don‟t
understand it”. Perhaps not placing value on something that we ourselves could make or
expecting things to be easily understood speaks to the loss of thoughtfulness and creativity in
our world and only magnifies our need for the arts.

Here are five reasons why I believe we need art:

1. Art is a Natural Human Behaviour: Creating art is a primal behavior. Children, the world
over, instinctively make. Every culture has art. Like language and laughter, art is a
fundamental human behaviour. Put very simply, art is a part of who we are. We need art
because it makes us complete human beings.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

2.Art is Communication: Art, like language, is a medium to express ideas and to share
information. Art offers us a method to communicate what we may not necessarily fully
understand or know how to express. Art helps us to share thoughts, ideas and visions that
may not be able to be articulated any other way. We need art to have a full range of
expression.

3.Art is Healing: Creating or experiencing art can relax us or it may enliven and stimulate
us. The process of creating art engages both the body and the mind and provides us with time
to look inward and reflect. Experiencing art also gives us reason to think and be reflective or
may inspire us to get up and dance. Art provides a release, a place for reflection and away to
engage our whole selves. .We need art to keep us healthy.

4.Art Tells Our Story: Art is a history lesson, an historical record, a preservation of culture,
and an autobiography all in one. Art documents events and experiences and allows us a
richer understanding of history. Art reflects cultural values, beliefs and identity and helps to
preserve the many different communities that make up our world. Art chronicles our own
lives and experiences over time. We need art to understand and to share our individual
and shared history.

5.Art is a Shared Experience: The creation of art is a collective activity. Art forms such as
dance, theatre and choir all require a group of artists and an audience. Even the solitary
painter or poet relies upon the craft of the paint-maker or book-binder to help create art. Art
offers us a reason to come together and share in an experience. We need art to keep us
connected.

Role of artist:
They were to produce a record of their surroundings; to express emotions in a tangible or
visible manner; to reveal truths that were either universal or hidden; and to help people view
the world from a different or novel perspective. The roles of modern artists may incorporate
some of the traditional elements, but their functions are also defined by the type of art they
choose to pursue.

Roles of art in society:

Art has many roles and functions in society, ranging from simple description of our lives, to
scientific portraits of flora and fauna, to enhancing our everyday lives.

Enhancing our world:

Enhancing the world of our everyday lives is another role art plays. This role is
more utilitarian than others. It includes textiles and product design; embellishments to the
items we use every day; and all the aesthetic considerations that create a more comfortable
and expressive environment.

 What Makes Art Beautiful.

Beauty in terms of art refers to an interaction between line, colour, texture, sound,
shape, motion, and size that is pleasing to the senses.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

 Who Is an Artist?
An artist is a person who is involved in the wide range of activities that are related to
creating art.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZQyV9BB50E

Naturalism
Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. ...
Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and
portrays things as they are.

In fine art panting, "naturalism" describes a true-to-life style which involves the
representation or depiction of nature (including people) with the least possible
distortion or interpretation.

Realistic Art
Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of
contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation
of outward appearances.

Realism is an art style that focuses on making pieces look as realistic and true-to-life as
possible. Think of realistic portraits, landscapes, and still life paintings.

Symbolic Art
Symbolism was a late 19th century movement whose artists communicated ideas
through symbols instead of bluntly depicting reality. It was created as a reaction to art
movements that depicted the natural world realistically, such as Impressionism, Realism, and
Naturalism.

artistic imitation or invention that is a method of revealing or suggesting immaterial,

ideal, or otherwise intangible truth or states.

The use of conventional or traditional signs in the representation of divine beings and
spirits.

Stylistic Art
Stylized art is a form that has moved away from natural forms and shapes. It takes
natural forms and alters the colour, shapes, lines, and features. Therefore, the art appears
similar to the natural state while also looking more dramatic or abstract.

Abstract Art
Abstract art is art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual reality
but instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect. Strictly
speaking, the word abstract means to separate or withdraw something from something
else.
 Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code:
AR3122

Abstract art gives you the freedom to explore the artwork and assign your own meaning
to the piece.

Non Objective Art

Non-objective art can go by many names, including concrete art, geometric abstraction,
and minimalism. ... Other styles of art are related or similar to non-objective art. Among
these are Bauhaus, Constructivism, Cubism, Futurism, and Op Art. Some of these, such as
Cubism, tend to be more representational than others.

Objective art is artwork that depicts easily recognizable subject matter. Non-objective
artwork doesn't have identifiable forms or recognizable subject matter. Instead of depicting
familiar objects, people, or animals, nonobjective artwork deals with the basic elements of
art.

ROMAN ART

The early development of the Hellenes and Romans started about the same time, but
the former progressed more quickly because Greece was closer to the cultured Near East.
The Romans lagged far behind because of its suffering from many internal struggles. But
they rose in power where the brilliant civilization of classical Greece began to decline, after
the 5th B.C.

From a village, Rome slowly grew into a city – state. Although Roman art kept its
strongly native character, Hellenic influence on it is quite obvious. The Romans were a
practical, earthly-minded people, whose interests were centered chiefly in the family and
home.

Roman Art History

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM2D7iJHWXQ&t=120s&ab_channel=Philinth
ecircle

ARCHITECTURE:

The glorious period of Roman architecture began under Augustus, the first emperor
who is quoted as saying, “I found Rome a city of bricks, and I shall leave it a city of
marble”. The vast number of constructions that sprang up throughout the extensive empire
was the result of a long period of peace and security, increasing wealth from commerce, the
government concern for the welfare of the citizens, and their own love of comfort and
magnificence.

Building Materials:

Travertine and white marble. Good clay for bricks, for concrete they used pozzolana
(a clear sandy earth) and lava, of volcanic origin. They imported colored marbles and
alabaster.

GREEK ART

 Greek or Hellenic art developed in the Greek peninsula, on the islands of the Aegean Sea and
on the shores of Asia Minor. Greek art lies at the foundations of roman and Byzantine art.
The inhabitants of Greece called the meshes Hellenes and their country Hellas. The Romans
gave them the name Greeks. They were a mixture of different races.
 Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code:
AR3122

 The Greek gods were generally nature personifications, who assumed human forms.
Although the gods were supposed to be guardians of justice, the mythological stories about
them are often immoral.
Greek Art History

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtKgfS1QwLk&t=91s

OLYMPIA MUSEUM AND HERMES. GREECE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_SG-efH88A

Architecture
- The Greeks developed a simple but splendid architect

- Excellent building material, a simple but logical system of construction, refinement of

proportions and details being the keynotes.

- Building materials were in abundance.

 Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Timber – from numerous forests

Marble – from mountains

Other materials used were ivory and metals especially bronze. These were imported.

- They used the simplest of the building methods the post and lintel, also called trabeated
(beam) system.
- The column, both for support and beauty was given importance.

- Unlike the Egyptians who had them inside their buildings, the Greeks used them on the
exterior thus obtaining the most splendid effects.

- The purpose of the column was to support the roof.

- This arrangement of columns supporting a horizontal superstructure is called an order.

- The Greeks have developed two main orders, the Doric and Ionic named after the Dorian‟s
and Ionians, who developed them.

Ancient Greek Architecture: Dorian, Ionic & Corinthian

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGPevxwITBE

EGYPTIAN ART

Egypt in north – east Africa had one of the oldest great civilizations, which developed a
magnificent art.

Egypt can be divided into three periods.

1. Old kingdom (about 4000-2280 B.C)

- Capital was Memphis
- Remarkable for the building of the pyramids and achievements in early sculpture.

2. Middle kingdom (about 2065-1783 B.C)

- Capital was Thebes
- Excelled in building temples
- Sculpture flourished

3. New kingdom or empire (from 1580-1085 B.C)

Out of the complicated aspects of Egyptian religion one point had the greatest bearing on art
namely their idea of the future life. Therefore they considered it as an extension of earthly
existence, with all its requirements. They preserved the body by mummification so that the
ka, its spiritual double could re-enter it.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Architecture

Mainly one kind of monument, imposing tomb the Egyptians lavished all their energy,
engineering skill and artistic talent on creating safe abiding places for their dead. The most
impressive example by its combination of massive grandeur and simple form is the pyramid,
or royal tomb, the climax of a long evolution.

The Egyptians first buried their dead in pits on which they heaped sand and stones
slowly they built solid masonry over it, in the form of a truncated pyramid. This kind is called
a Mastaba, a modern Arab word – meaning „bench‟.

Neoclassicism

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a
R86ja-
RcSA&t=2s&ab_channel=Philinthecircle

After the Renaissance period of exploration and expansiveness came a reaction in the
direction of order and restraint. Generally speaking, this reaction developed in France in the
mid-seventeenth century and in England thirty years later; and it dominated European
literature until the last part of the eighteenth century.

The period is called neoclassical because its writers looked back to the ideals and art
forms of classical times, emphasizing even more than their Renaissance predecessors the
classical ideals of order and rational control.

Realism:

Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet, 1854. A Realist painting by Gustave Courbet.

Realism in the arts may be generally defined as the attempt to represent subject matter
truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and
supernatural elements. The term originated in the 19th century, and was used to describe the
work of Gustave Courbet and a group of painters who rejected idealization, focusing instead
on everyday life.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Important Realist Artists

Jules Breton

Brooklyn Museum - Fin du travail (The End of the Working Day) - Jules Breton

GUSTAVE COURBET

Gustave Courbet, “The Stone Breakers” (1849)

Gustave Courbet is often considered the leading figure of Realism. He laid the groundwork
for the movement in the 1840s, when he began portraying peasants and laborers on a grand
scale typically reserved for religious, historical, or allegorical subjects.

ROSA BONHEUR

Rosa Bonheur, “Ploughing in Nevers” (1849)

Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Rosa Bonheur specialized in animal depictions. Given this interest, many of her paintings are
set in farms, fields, and other countryside settings.

RENAISSANCE ART

LEONARDO DA VINCI
An embodiment of the “Renaissance man”

1. A distinctive style in Italy

2. Renaissance is a transition period from medieval art to early modern art.
3. It is perceived as the rebirth of ancient traditions with its foundation in classical
antiquity, but transformed that tradition by the absorption of recent developments in
the art of Northern Europe and by application of contemporary scientific knowledge.
4. Renaissance humanist philosophy was the core of Renaissance art.
5. People had lost faith in the church and had began to put more focus on human
beings.
6. Medieval art and literature focused on the church and salvation. Renaissance art
focused on individuals and worldly matters along with christianity.
7. Renaissance artists wanted their subjects to be realistic focused on humanity
and
emotion.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

1. Objective Drawing

This type of drawing depicts something that resembles its actual true life. This drawing
depicts real concrete objects

Instances of this type are still-life images, interiors, portraits etc. These can be anything like
jugs, pots etc. which you come across in daily life. When the actual form of these objects is
put on the paper it creates still-life drawing.

Objective drawing projects real objects. It represents the actual concrete object as seen by the
artist. A portrait is an intance of this type

2. Subjective Drawing

This type of drawing expresses your feelings or ideas about something through your work of
Subjective Drawing art.

It acts as an interface between the feelings of artists and those of the viewers.

Say for example, cartoons are a type of subjective drawing that are humorous sketches with
some meaning. Take for instance, the cartoons, which you see everyday in newspapers
express the feelings of artist towards a particular situation but with a humorous touch added
to it.

Subjective drawing reflects feelings. They project the artist‟ own thinking of any particular
subject or topic. They can contain a message as in a cartoon
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Color

Color is an element consisting of hues, of which there are three properties: hue, chroma or
intensity, and value.Color is present when light strikes an object and it is reflected back into
the eye, a reaction to a hue arising in the optic nerve.The first of the properties is hue, which
is the distinguishable color, like red, blue or yellow. The next property is value, meaning the
lightness or darkness of the hue. The last is chroma or intensity, distinguishing between
strong and weak colors. A visual representation of chromatic scale is observable through the
color wheel that uses the primary colors.

Primary Colors

Primary colors are the basis of the color spectrum. With these three colors, you can create any
other color in the spectrum. Red, Yellow & Blue. This is a bold and powerful color scheme
when used together.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Secondary Colors

Secondary colors are made by mixing two primary colors together. They lie opposite of the
primary colors on the color wheel. Green, Violet & Orange. These colors are very bold like
primary colors, when used together.

Tertiary Colors

The colors in-between the secondary & primary

colors are what make up the tertiary colors. You can create these colors by mixing one
primary color and one secondary color. Using tertiary colors as a color scheme is very bright
and vibrant.

Monochromatic Colors

Monochromatic color schemes use a single hue (green above) and then use various tints and
shades of that original color. They are very low in contrast but can be used very easily
because of their simplistic nature.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Analogous Colors

Analogous colors are adjacent to each other on the color wheel. One of the colors is dominate
while the others are accents for the main color. These schemes are easy to create and have
unity and consistency.

Clash

Clash color schemes pair a first color with a second to the left or right of it‟scolor wheel
compliment. Clash colors are VERY bold and have high contrast. The more colors you add
the harder it is to make clash colors work effectively.

Split Complementary

Split complementary colors are created by taking the

colors directly beside your original colors compliment. (Purple above so yellow is purples
compliment) Split complementary colors can be very difficult to make work correctly. Try
using one color as the main color and the other two as accent colors.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Neutral

Neutral colors are a mix of a hue and its compliment and is sometimes mixed with black.
These colors schemes are not bright and commanding but they can be calm & effective.

Tertiary Triad

Tertiary triads are a set of three tertiary colors that

are equal distance from each other on the color wheel. Tertiary triads are some of the least
recognizable color schemes. They are very vibrant and comfortable to the eye.

Color and the Mind

Red: Symbolic of heat, danger, power, passion,

strength, blood, and war. It evokes feelings of creativity and assertiveness or even anger. It
can stimulate people to make quick decisions and increase expectations.

Orange: Orange is the color of warmth, autumn,

fire, creativity, innovation, and speed. Orange tends to be declassifying and has a broad
appeal. It can serve as a neutral color if toned down.

Yellow: Another warm color that can remind us of a

sunny day. Conversely, yellow also denotes caution, sickness, or jealousy. Another good
neutral when not saturated.

Green: A strong color, signifying vitality, growth,

energy, faith and money. Green is the color we most often associate with nature, giving it a
calming effect and, currently, with being ecologically responsible.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Blue: Evokes feelings of trust and loyalty. Blue can create an innovative or technology-
driven feel. Considered by experts to be therapeutic to the mind and body. Conversely, blue
represent solitude or sadness.

Types of Art:
Art is a global activity which encompasses a host of disciplines, as evidenced by the range of
words and phrases which have been invented to describe its various forms. Examples of such
phraseology include: "Fine Arts", "Liberal Arts", "Visual Arts", "Decorative Arts", "Applied
Arts", "Design", "Crafts", "Performing Arts", and so on.

Fine Arts: Painting, Sculpture, Print making.

Visual Arts: Drawing, Painting, Sculpture, Printmaking, Architecture, Design,

Crafts, Photography, Video, Filmmaking, Textiles and Ceramics,

Performing Arts: Dance, Music, Opera, Theatre and Musical theatre, Magic, Illusion,
Mime, Spoken word, Puppetry, Circus arts

Liberal Arts: History, Literature, Philosophy, Psychology, Mathematics, Humanities and

languages etc.

Applied Arts: Photography, Layout designs, Commercials, Film making etc.

In addition, entirely new forms of art have emerged during the 20th century, such
as: assemblage, conceptualism, collage, earthworks, installation, graffiti, and video, as well as
the broad conceptualist movement which challenges the essential value of an objective "work
of art"

Canvas
Fabrics that are prepared for painting. Available in panels, stretched on frames, or obtained
by the yard.

Ceramics
Used to describe the shaping, finishing and firing of clay.

Charcoal and Conte Crayon

In stick form, both give you a very strong, dark line. A disadvantage to these crayons is that
they break easily and tend to smudge. Can be found is stick form as well.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Paintings:
Oil

In its simplest form, oil paint is a mixture of three things: pigment, binder and thinner.
Pigment is the colour element, while the binder (the oil) is the liquid vehicle or carrier which
holds the ground-up pigment to be applied to the canvas or whatever support is to be painted.
A thinner is usually added to the viscous pigment-oil mixture to make it easier to apply with a
brush.

Acrylic

It is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic

paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the
paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished
acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique
characteristics not attainable with other media.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Watercolour

Watercolour artist‟s paint made with a water-soluble binder such as gum Arabic, and thinned
with water rather than oil, giving a transparent colour. Watercolours are a type of paint that
can be mixed with water to create translucent layers of colour on paper. You can also call a
painting made this way a watercolour. Historians believe that watercolour painting has been
around since Paleolithic cave paintings

Fresco

Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly-laid or wet lime

plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the
setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall.

The word fresco is derived from the Italian adjective fresco meaning "fresh", and may thus be
contrasted with fresco-secco or secco mural painting techniques, which are applied to dried
plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. The fresco technique has been employed since
antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Tempera

Tempera also called egg tempera was a method of painting that superseded the encaustic
painting method, only to be itself replaced by oil painting. Its name stems from the Latin
word temperare, meaning 'to mix in proportion'. Unlike encaustic paints which contain
beeswax to bind the colour pigments, or oil paints which use oils, tempera employs an
emulsion of water, egg yolks or whole eggs (occasionally with a little glue, honey or milk).

Pencil Sketch

Pencil drawing, drawing executed with an instrument composed of graphite enclosed in a

wood casing and intended either as a sketch for a more elaborate work in another medium, an
exercise in visual expression, or a finished work.

Pastels
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Pastel colors belong to a pale family of colours, which, when described in the HSV colour
space, have high value and low saturation. ... The colours of this family are usually described
as "soothing." Pink, mauve, and baby blue are commonly used pastel colours, as well as mint
green, peach, periwinkle, and lavender.

Sculpture

Sculpture had four main defining characteristics. First, it was the only three dimensional art
form. Second, it was representational. Third, it was viewed as an art of solid form. Any
empty spaces involved were essentially secondary to its bulk or mass. Moreover, as a solid
form it had no movement. Fourth, traditional sculptors used only two main techniques:
carving or modelling. That is, they either carved directly from their chosen material (eg.
stone, wood), or they built up the sculpture from the inside, so to speak, using clay, plaster,
wax, stone carving, wood carving, bronze casting and clay firing.

Pen and ink

Pen and ink drawing describes the process of using pens to apply ink to a surface. There is an
endless amount of pen and ink techniques. We will cover the basics of pen and ink drawing
techniques, tools, and materials. Some of the materials you may need to create an ink drawing
include ink, drawing pens, various nibs, graphite pencil, eraser, paper towel, a paint brush,
and a drawing surface.
Drawing with pen and ink allows the artist to create strong areas of contrast. Most ink
drawings are completed using black inks on white surfaces which leads to heavy contrast in
value. Many artists choose to exploit this contrast. Others, however find it difficult to create
gradations in value for this reason.
 Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Airbrush Art

An airbrush works by passing a stream of fast moving (compressed) air through a venturi,
which creates a local reduction in air pressure (suction) that allows paint to be pulled from an
interconnected reservoir at normal atmospheric pressure. ... The paint is carried onto paper or
other surfaces.

Mixed media

Mixed media is a type of artwork that mixes different media or materials into one piece. For
example, a piece of art that combines an acrylic painting with fabric and paper is mixed
media art.

The most common artistic media used in mixed media painting include:
 Acrylics.
 Watercolor.
 Ink.
 Pastels.
 Graphite, Colored pencils, and Watercolor pencils.
 Poster markers and Permanent markers.
 Fine liners or Brush pens.
 Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Clay art

Clay has been used for many purposes including the manufacture of seals, bricks, tiles, jars,
and jugs. In sculpture it has been used to make models for larger pieces, for moulds of works
to be cast in metal, or as sculpture in its own right.

Clay Techniques
 Pinching.
 Slab Construction.
 Coil Construction.
 Wheel Throwing / Hand Throwing.
 Slip Casting.

Plaster of Paris

Plaster of Paris is a building material that is used as a protective coating on walls and
ceilings. It is also used as a moulding and casting agent for decorative elements. It is used to
give aesthetic finishing touches to the buildings.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Wire sculpture

Wire Sculpture is the creation of sculpture out of wire. ... In the 20th century, the works of
Alexander Calder, Ruth Asawa, and other modern practitioners developed the medium of
wire sculpture as an art form. A good choice is armature wire, a soft, flexible aluminum
wire made for use in art. It comes in many sizes and thicknesses can be easily worked by
hand, Wire Sculpture can be made by using basic tools, including wire cutters and several
kinds of pliers, like long-nose pliers.

Paper mache

Paper mache is a handicraft involving the transformation of paper pulp into intricately
decorated artifacts such as Paper mache boxes, bowls, elephant models, cups and numerous
other handy objects. There are two main methods for preparing paper mache. The first
method makes use of paper strips glued together with adhesive, and the second method
makes use of paper pulp obtained by soaking or boiling paper to which glue is then added.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Elements and Principles of Art

Elements of Art
Line: A mark left in the path of a moving point. A mark with length and direction(s)

 Lines can be: vertical, horizontal, diagonal, straight, curved, angular or bent, thick or
wide, thin, blurred, fuzzy, controlled, or meandering.
 Lines can create an outline or contour.
 Lines are often used to define space or direct the movement of your eyes

Shape/Form: An enclosed space defined and determined by other art elements such as line,
color, value and texture.

• Shape refers to a closed space made when a line connects to itself.

• Form refers to a shape that is or appears to be three dimensional, having weight, width
and depth.

Texture: a surface quality that can be seen (simulated texture) or felt (actual texture)

Color: The visible spectrum of reflected light

It has the 3 attributes of:

Hue (it‟s unique color name)

Value (lightness or darkness)

Intensity or saturation (purity and strength)

When the spectrum is organized as a color

wheel, the colors are divided into:

Primary (red, blue, yellow), secondary (orange, green, violet) and intermediate (or
tertiary) colors (orange-red, blue-green, etc.)

analagous (next to each other) or complementary (opposites)

Warm or colorcolors (warm colors move forward, cool colors recede)

Space: The area around, above, below and within an artwork.

• It can be described as:

Two-dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D)

Flat, shallow, or deep

Open or closed

Positive (subject) or negative (background)

Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

• The illusion of space can be created with perspective, shading, overlapping, or relative
scale.
• The perception of space can be created or distorted with optical illusions.

Value: The lightness or darkness of a colour.

• A value scale or gray scale shows steps or gradations of lightness and darkness.
• When values that appear next to each other are very different, it‟s called contrast. Artists
use contrast to draw your attention to things.
• Value changes in colour are called:

Tints when they are lighter than the original colour

Shades when they are darker than the original colour)

Principles of Art

The principles of design are the rules by which an artist uses the elements of design.
The most often used principles in visual art are: balance, emphasis, movement, variety,
proportion and unity. These principles may vary slightly according to the person using
them.

Balance
Balance is the arrangement of lines, colors, values, textures, forms, and space. there are three
types of balance: formal or symmetrical or informal or asymmetrical and radial balance.
Formal or symmetrical balance has equal weight on both sides. Informal or asymmetrical
balance has a different weight on on each side to maintain balance. Radial balance is a
circular balance moving out from a central object to maintain balance.

Emphasis
Emphasis is way of bring a dominance and subordination into a design or painting. Major
objects, shapes, or colors may dominate a picture by taking up more space or by being
heavier in volume or by being darker in color than the subordinate objects, shapes and colors.
There must be balance between the dominant and subordinate elements.

Movement
The use of lines, colors, values, textures, forms and space to carry or direct the eye of the
viewer from one part of the design or picture to other is called movement. Movement is
created in art by the way the artist uses the elements of design. Movement is generally
created by the arrangement of shapes.

Variety and contrast

An artist uses elements of art to create diversity and differences in design. Contrasting colors,
textures, and patterns all add interest to the art work. Highlights of color to the corners or
edges of some shapes maybe used to add contrast.

Proportion
The size of one part of artwork to its other parts is called proportion. Artists use proportion to
show emphasis, distance and use of space, and balance.
Subject Name: Art Cognition and Expression Subject Code: AR3122

Unity
Unity is the result of how all element and principles work together. All parts must have some
relation to each other. They must fit together to create the over all message and effect.

Abstract art

Abstract art is art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual reality
but instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect.

Abstract art, non-figurative art, non-objective art, and non-representational art, are closely
related terms. They are similar, but perhaps not of identical meaning.
Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. This departure
from accurate representation can be slight, partial, or complete.