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Electronics Lect 4

This document provides an overview of Kirchhoff's Laws, including definitions of circuit elements such as nodes, branches, and loops. It explains Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) with examples, demonstrating how to calculate voltages and currents in circuits. Additionally, it covers the equivalent resistance for parallel resistors and provides example circuits to illustrate the application of these laws.

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mkewlani393
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2 views

Electronics Lect 4

This document provides an overview of Kirchhoff's Laws, including definitions of circuit elements such as nodes, branches, and loops. It explains Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) with examples, demonstrating how to calculate voltages and currents in circuits. Additionally, it covers the equivalent resistance for parallel resistors and provides example circuits to illustrate the application of these laws.

Uploaded by

mkewlani393
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

S
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d

A LECTURE#04
h
m
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d

R
a
z
a By: Mr. Syed Ahmed Raza

04/27/25
Kirchoff’s Laws
Circuit Definitions
Node – any point where 2 or more circuit
elements are connected together
 Wires usually have negligible resistance
 Each node has one voltage (w.r.t. ground)
Branch – a circuit element between two
nodes
Loop – a collection of branches that form a
closed path returning to the same node
without going through any other nodes or
branches twice
Example

How many nodes, branches & loops?

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
Example

Three nodes

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
Example

5 Branches

R1
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
Example

Three Loops, if starting at node A

A R1
B
+

+ Vs Is
R2 R3 Vo
-

-
C
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of voltages around each


loop is zero
 Beginning with one node, add voltages across each
branch in the loop (if you encounter a + sign first) and
subtract voltages (if you encounter a – sign first)
Σ voltage drops - Σ voltage rises = 0
Or Σ voltage drops = Σ voltage rises
 A voltage source produces an IR drop of
40 V across a 20-Ω R1 , 60 V across a 30-Ω
R2 , and 180 V across a 90Ω R3, all in
series. According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law,
how much is the applied voltage VT ?
 ANSWER VT=40 V+ 60 V +180 V
 VT = 280 V
An applied V T of 120 V produces IR drops
across two series resistors R1 and R2 . If
the voltage drop across R1 is 40 V, how
much is the voltage drop across R 2 ?
Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of currents entering a


node is zero
 Add each branch current entering the node and
subtract each branch current leaving the node
Σ currents in - Σ currents out = 0
Or Σ currents in = Σ currents out
Q1 An R 1 of 20 Ω, an R 2 of 40Ω , and an
R 3 of 60 Ω are connected in parallel across
the 120-V power line. Using Kirchhoff’s
current law, determine the total current .
I 1 for the R 1 branch is 120/20 or 6 A.
Similarly,
I 2 is 120/40 or 3 A, and I 3 is 120/60 or 2
A. The total current in the main line is
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 = 6 + 3 + 2= IT = 11 A
 Q2.Two branches R1 and R2 across the
120-V power line draw a total line current IT
of 15 A. The R1 branch takes 10 A. How
much is the current I2 in the R2 branch?
 ANSWER I2 = IT - I1 =15 - 10 =I2 = 5 A
Parallel Resistors

The equivalent resistance for any number of


resistors in parallel (i.e. they have the same
voltage across each resistor):
1
Req =
1/R1 + 1/R2 + ∙∙∙ + 1/RN

For two parallel resistors:


Req = R1∙R2/(R1+R2)
Example Circuit

Solve for the currents through each resistor


And the voltages across each resistor
Example Circuit

+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Using Ohm’s law, add polarities and


expressions for each resistor voltage
Example Circuit

+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Write 1st Kirchoff’s voltage law equation


-50 v + I1∙10Ω + I2∙8Ω = 0
Example Circuit

+ I1∙10Ω - + I3∙6Ω -

+ +
I2∙8Ω I3∙4Ω
- -

Write 2nd Kirchoff’s voltage law equation


-I2∙8Ω + I3∙6Ω + I3∙4Ω = 0
or I2 = I3 ∙(6+4)/8 = 1.25 ∙ I3
Example Circuit

Write Kirchoff’s current law equation at A


+I1 – I2 - I3 = 0
Example Circuit

We now have 3 equations in 3 unknowns, so


we can solve for the currents through each
resistor, that are used to find the voltage
across each resistor
Since I1 - I2 - I3 = 0, I 1 = I2 + I 3
Substituting into the 1st KVL equation
-50 v + (I2 + I3)∙10Ω + I2∙8Ω = 0
or I2∙18 Ω + I3∙ 10 Ω = 50 volts
Example Circuit

But from the 2nd KVL equation, I2 = 1.25∙I3


Substituting into 1st KVL equation:
(1.25 ∙ I3)∙18 Ω + I3 ∙ 10 Ω = 50 volts
Or: I3 ∙ 22.5 Ω + I3 ∙ 10 Ω = 50 volts
Or: I3∙ 32.5 Ω = 50 volts
Or: I3 = 50 volts/32.5 Ω
Or: I3 = 1.538 amps
Example Circuit

Since I3 = 1.538 amps

I2 = 1.25∙I3 = 1.923 amps


Since I1 = I2 + I3, I1 = 3.461 amps
The voltages across the resistors:
I1∙10Ω = 34.61 volts
I2∙8Ω = 15.38 volts
I3∙6Ω = 9.23 volts
I3∙4Ω = 6.15 volts
Example Circuit

Solve for the currents through each resistor


And the voltages across each resistor using
Series and parallel simplification.
Example Circuit

The 6 and 4 ohm resistors are in series, so


are combined into 6+4 = 10Ω
Example Circuit

The 8 and 10 ohm resistors are in parallel, so


are combined into 8∙10/(8+10) =14.4 Ω
Example Circuit

The 10 and 4.4 ohm resistors are in series, so


are combined into 10+4 = 14.4Ω
Example Circuit

+
I1∙14.4Ω
-

Writing KVL, I1∙14.4Ω – 50 v = 0


Or I1 = 50 v / 14.4Ω = 3.46 A
Example Circuit

+34.6 v -

+
15.4 v
-

If I1 = 3.46 A, then I1∙10 Ω = 34.6 v


So the voltage across the 8 Ω = 15.4 v
Example Circuit

+ 34.6 v -

+
15.4 v
-

If I2∙8 Ω = 15.4 v, then I2 = 15.4/8 = 1.93 A


By KCL, I1-I2-I3=0, so I3 = I1–I2 = 1.53 A

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