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Module 4 - Set Theory

This module covers the foundational concepts of natural numbers, including successor sets, Peano's Axiom, and the axiom of infinity as part of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms. It also discusses statistical concepts such as skewness, kurtosis, and standard scores, providing examples and calculations related to z-scores and student test scores. Additionally, it includes exercises related to the distribution of book ownership among students.

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7 views

Module 4 - Set Theory

This module covers the foundational concepts of natural numbers, including successor sets, Peano's Axiom, and the axiom of infinity as part of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms. It also discusses statistical concepts such as skewness, kurtosis, and standard scores, providing examples and calculations related to z-scores and student test scores. Additionally, it includes exercises related to the distribution of book ownership among students.

Uploaded by

Mrvn Ssn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4

NATURAL NUMBERS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
• Define successor sets, inductive sets, and induction principles.
• Discuss the axiom of infinity, Peano’s Axiom and the recursion
theorem.
• Define and give examples of transitive sets.
• Explain the arithmetic and ordering of natural numbers.
This unit is a section of the series The Axioms of
Zermelo and Fraenkel. The most widely recognized
and utilized framework for the foundations of
mathematics is the Zermelo-Fraenkel system of
axioms, commonly referred to as ZFC—the "C"
representing the Axiom of Choice.
The Axioms of Zermelo and Fraenkel.
• ZFC-0: Basic Axiom
• ZFC-1: Axiom of Extension
• ZFC-2: Axiom of Existence
• ZFC-3: Axiom of Specification
• ZFC-4: Axiom of Pairing
• ZFC-5: Axiom of Unions
The Axioms of Zermelo and Fraenkel.
• ZFC-6: Axiom of Powers
• ZFC-7: Axiom of Foundation
• ZFC-8: Axiom of Substitution
• ZFC-9: Axiom of Choice
• ZFC-10: Axiom of Infinity
Successor Sets and the
Axiom of Infinity
Within the axiomatics of Zermelo and
Fraenkel the natural numbers are
defined as special sets.
The main idea is as follows: One sets
0 := ∅
1 := {0} = {∅} = ∅ [ {∅} = 0 [ {0}
2 := {0; 1} = 1 [ {1}
3 := {0; 1; 2} = 2 [ {2}
...
n + 1 := {0; 1; : : : ; n} = n [ {n}:
Successor Sets and the
Axiom of Infinity
Then one defines the set N0 of the
natural numbers as the set
N0 := {0,1,… n, …}.
SKEWNESS

- Assesses the asymmetry of a


probability distribution

- Positive Skewness and Negative


Skewness
SKEWNESS
KURTOSIS

- Quantifies the shape of a probability


distribution

- Mesokurtic, Platykurtic, Leptokurtic


KURTOSIS
STANDARD SCORES

Standard Score is a set of scores that


have the same mean and standard
deviation so they can be compared.
Standard score or z-score is the number
of standard deviations above (+) or
below (-) the mean. To calculate a z-
score, subtract the mean from the raw
score and divide that answer by the
standard deviation.
FORMULA

z = z - score
x = score
μ = mean
σ = population standard deviation
Examples:
Convert the following to z-scores,
where μ = 75 and σ = 5

a. 75
b. 81
c. 59
A school counselor gives a self-esteem test to 30
students. Here are the raw scores of the 30 students:
38, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 50, 51, 52,
53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62,
63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 72, 75, 78, 80
1. What is the mean and standard deviation of the 30
students?
2.Calculate the Z-score for a student who scored 45.
3. How many students scored above 65?
4. What percentage of students scored between 40
and 60?
5. A score below 40 may indicate low self-esteem.
How many students fall in this category?
1. Find the value of z if x = 72, μ = 65 and σ =
15

2. What is the value of σ if z = 4.25,


x = 100, and μ = 90

3. Find the value of μ if z = 2.3 , x = 93 and σ =


14

4. What is the value of x if z = 1.4,


Suppose the average number of book owner of 200 students in CCA is 5,
with a standard deviation of 1.9. The distribution is normal.
Illustrate and answer the following:

a. What is the probability of students who have books less than 6?


b. What is the number of students with books between 4 and 8?
c. What is the probability of students who have books greater than 9?
d. What is the number of students with books between 7 and 10?

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