University of Donja Gorica

Faculty for Information Systems and Technologies

Faculty of Applied Science

Introduction to
Arduino programming
Marko Simeunović, PhD
Introduction
 Arduino – today most popular platform for rapid
prototyping.
 Consists of:
 microcontroller board (hardware) and
 IDE - integrated development environment (software).
 Excellent for starting to learn electronics.
 Its popularity comes from:
 built in programmer,
 microcontroller functions are organized in accessible
packages and
 programming is done using high level C++ language.
Introduction
 Suitable for both beginners and professionals.
 Advantages:
 Inexpensive,
 Cross-platform-based,
 Simple and clear programming environment,
 Open source and extensible software,
 Open source and extensible hardware.
 Large community.
How to start?
 Arduino official page – https://www.arduino.cc/
 https://playground.arduino.cc/
 https://www.instructables.com/howto/Arduino/
 https://itp.nyu.edu/physcomp/
 https://makezine.com/category/technology/arduino/
Arduino boards
ATmega328P ATmega32U4 AT91SAM3X8E

3€ 1.5€ 12€

ATmega2560 ATmega168V
ATmega328

6€ 2€ 2€
Arduino shields

3€ Ethernet WiFi
shield shield

Xbee
shield
Sensors
Arduino Uno
 Pins:
 GND
 5V and 3.3V
 Analog
 Digital
 PWM
 AREF
 Communication:
 UART
 I2C
 SPI
NodeMCU
Setup Arduino IDE

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json
Setup Arduino IDE
Tools/Board/Board Manager
Setup Arduino IDE
Program structure
void setup()
{

// Put code that runs at the begining

}
void loop()
{

// Infinite loop

}
Reading and writing from Serial
 Serial.begin(baud) - sets the data rate in bits per
second (baud) for serial data transmission.
 Data rates: 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400,
19200, 28800, 38400, 57600, or 115200.
 Serial.read() – reads the first byte of incoming
serial data available. It returns -1 if there is no data.
 Serial.readString() – reads string.
 Serial.write(data) – writes data to the serial port.
 Serial.available() - returns the number of bytes
(characters) available for reading from the serial
port.
Reading and writing from Serial
char input;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(2000);
Serial.println("Type something!");
}

void loop() {
if(Serial.available()){
input = Serial.read();
Serial.print("You typed: " );
Serial.println(input);
}
}
Software Serial
 Enables using several Serial ports on Arduino based
board.
 In order to use it, a library has to be included:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
 Creating SofrwareSerial object on D1 and D2 pins:
SoftwareSerial EEBlue(D1, D2); // RX | TX
 Limitations:
 If using multiple software serial ports, only one can receive
data at a time.
 Not supported by some pins on some boards.
 Limitations on maximum speed on RX pin.
NodeMCU and HC-05
NodeMCU and HC-05
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial EEBlue(D1, D2); // RX | TX
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
EEBlue.begin(9600);
Serial.println("We have started...");
}
void loop()
{
// Feed any data from bluetooth to Terminal.
if (EEBlue.available()) Serial.write(EEBlue.read());

// Feed all data from termial to bluetooth

if (Serial.available()) EEBlue.write(Serial.read());
}
String manipulation
 String can be represented by:
 array of chars or
 String object.
 Declaration of char arrays:
char s1[30], s2[]=“First”;
 Creation of String objects:
String ss1, ss2=“First”;
 Converting object to array and vice versa:
ss2.toCharArray(s1, 20);
ss1 = String(s2);
Useful functions
 myString.concat(parameter)
 myString.charAt(n)
 myString.compareTo(myString2)
 myString.endsWith(myString2)
 myString.equals(myString2)
 myString.equalsIgnoreCase(myString2)
 myString.indexOf(val)
 myString.length()
 myString.toDouble()
Manipulating with I/O pins
 pinMode(pin, mode) – setting pin to act as input
or output.
 modes - INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP.
 digitalRead(pin) - reads the value from a specified
digital pin.
 output – LOW or HIGH.
 digitalWrite(pin, value) - write a HIGH or a LOW
value to a digital pin.
 analogRead(analogPin) - reads the value from
the specified analog pin. Possible values 0-1023.
 analogWrite(pin, value) - writes an analog value
(PWM wave) to a pin.
I/O pins – Example
void setup()
{
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on

delay(1000); // wait for a second

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off

delay(1000); // wait for a second

}
EEPROM read and write
 EEPROM.begin(size) – EEPROM initialization.
 size – number of bytes used for reading and writing (4 to
4096).
 Writing to EEPROM:
EEPROM.write(addr, data); // store one byte
EEPROM.commit(); // after
commit function
 Reading from EEPROM:
char Data; //
why char?
Data = EEPROM.read(addr);
EEPROM write example
#include <EEPROM.h>

int addr = 0; //
Starting address
void setup()
{
EEPROM.begin(512);

EEPROM.write(addr, 'A');
addr++;

EEPROM.write(addr, 'B');
addr++;

EEPROM.write(addr, 'C');
addr++;

String www = "www.udg.edu.me";

writeString(addr, www);
EEPROM.commit(); //Store data to
EEPROM
EEPROM write example
void writeString(int addr, String s)
{
for(int i=0;i<s.length();i++)
{
EEPROM.write(addr+i,s[i]);
}
}

void loop()
{
delay(10);
}
EEPROM read example
#include <EEPROM.h>

int addr = 0;
void setup()
{
EEPROM.begin(512);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("");

Serial.print(char(EEPROM.read(addr))); addr++;

Serial.print(char(EEPROM.read(addr))); addr++;

Serial.println(char(EEPROM.read(addr))); addr++;

String www = readStringEEPROM(addr, 14);

Serial.println(www);
}
EEPROM read example
String readStringEEPROM(int addr, int numByte)
{
String s = "";
for(int i=0;i<numByte;i++)
{
s = s + char(EEPROM.read(addr+i));
}
return s;
}

void loop()
{
delay(10);
}
NodeMCU and WiFi
 Connecting to a network:
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
 Retrieve network status:
WiFi.status() – returns WL_CONNECTED if is connected
 Getting device IP:
WiFi.localIP();
 Setting static IP:
IPAddress ip(192,168,1,200);
IPAddress gateway(192,168,1,254);
IPAddress subnet(255,255,255,0);
WiFi.config(ip, gateway, subnet);
NodeMCU and WiFi
 Setting WiFi mode:
WiFi.mode(mode);
 mode can be: WIFI_STA and WIFI_AP.
Sending HTTP GET request
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <ESP8266HTTPClient.h>

const char* ssid = "Telia-9E09DD";

const char* password = "JOHE45SF3C";

void setup ()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
delay(1000);
Serial.print("Connecting..");
}
}
Sending HTTP GET request
void loop() {
if (WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED) {
HTTPClient http;

http.begin("http://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users/1");
int httpCode = http.GET();
if (httpCode > 0) {
String payload = http.getString();
Serial.println(payload);
}
http.end(); //Close connection
}
delay(30000); //Send a request every 30 seconds
}
HTTP WiFi server on AP
#include <EEPROM.h>
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <DNSServer.h>
#include <ESP8266WebServer.h>
#include "DHT.h"

#define DHTPIN 2

const byte DNS_PORT = 53;

IPAddress apIP(192, 168, 1, 1);
DNSServer dnsServer;
ESP8266WebServer webServer(80);
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHT11);
HTTP WiFi server on AP
void setup(void){
WiFi.mode(WIFI_AP);
WiFi.softAPConfig(apIP, apIP, IPAddress(255, 255, 255, 0));
WiFi.softAP("WiFi test");
dnsServer.start(DNS_PORT, "*", apIP);
webServer.onNotFound([]() {
webServer.send(200, "text/html", webPage(""));
});
webServer.on("/Temp", [](){
webServer.send(200, "text/html", webPage("Temp: " +
String(dht.readTemperature())));
delay(100);
});

webServer.begin();
dht.begin();
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Started...");
}
HTTP WiFi server on AP

void loop(void){
dnsServer.processNextRequest();
webServer.handleClient();
delay(2000);
}
Conclusion
 A short overview of Arduino programming is given.
 We covered the following:
 Serial communication,
 I/O pin manipulations,
 EEPROM manipulation,
 Sending HTTP requests,
 Setting HTTP server on AP.
 This lecture covered only a small part of
functionalities.