Chaper 2 – Cell Structure And Cell Organisation
2.1 Cell Structure And Function
Animal cell
nucleus lysosome
nucleolus
chromatin
smooth endoplasmic
centrioles reticulum
cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus
mitochondria rough endoplasmic
ribosome
Plasma reticulum
cytoplasm
membrane
Plant cell
nucleus
mitochondria plasma membrane
ribosome
rough endoplasmic
smooth
reticulum
endoplasmic
cytoskeleton
reticulum
cytoplasm chloroplast
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
cell wall
vacuole
mitochondrion chloroplast
ribosome
nucleus
Organelles
lysosome
Golgi apparatus
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
centrioles
smooth endoplasmic
vacuole
reticulum
Nucleus nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
Nucleus
nucleolus
nucleoplasm chromatin
• Largest organelle in the cell.
• Appears as a dense, spherical organelle.
• Controls all activities of the cell.
• Nucleolus involved in the synthesis of
ribosomes and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Mitochondrion • Cylindrical shaped
organelle.
• Inside the matrix are
respiratory enzymes that
involved in cellular
cristae respiration that help to
oxidize glucose to release
matrix energy in the form of ATP.
• Separate the genetic
Inner materials (chromatin) from
membrane cytoplasm.
Outer • Site for cellular respiration
membrane where energy is released in
the form of ATP.
Chloroplast
• Lens / disc shaped organelle.
• Storage of food and pigments.
• Site for photosynthesis where chlorophyll traps light
energy and converts it into chemical energy.
membrane Lysosome
hydrolytic
enzyme
transport
protein
• Spherical bodies with a single membrane.
• Contain hydrolytic enzymes to breakdown
macromolecules and worn-out organelles.
Ribosome
• Spherical organelles consists of two subunit containing
• Protein and RNA that found freely suspended in the
cytoplasm or attached to the RER.
• Site for protein synthesize
nuclear pore Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
cisternal space
cisternae
ribosomes
• A flat sealed sac that is continuous with the nuclear
membrane.
• Covered with ribosomes.
• Transports proteins produced by ribosomes.
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
• Synthesize and transport lipids. (phospholopids and
steroids)
• Carries out detoxification of drugs and metabolic by-
products.
Golgi
apparatus
• Consists os a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs with
budding vesicles around it.
• Acts as a centre for processing, modifying , packaging and
transporting proteins.
Vacuole
• Small or big sacs filled with liquid (cell sap) enclosed by a single layer
of membrane called tonoplast.
• Stores substances like sugars, amino acids, minerals, organic waste
and pigments (anthocyanins).
• Contributes to the turgidity and elongation of the cell when water is
absorbed into the cell.
• Microorganisms have food vacuoles and contractile vacuoles.
Centrioles
• Consists of 9 tubes with 3 tubules each.
• Form spindle fibers during cell division.
• Synthesize cilia and flagella of small organisms.
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Non-organelles
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
• Protects the cell from external environment.
• Semi-permeable membrane consists of proteins and
phospholipids to regulates and controls the movement
of substances in and out of the cell.
Cell wall
• Rigid outer layer of plant cell which is made up
of cellulose fibres that permeable.
• Maintains the shape of plant cell, protect the
cell from bursting and gives support to cells.
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Nucleus Vacuole
Cell wall
Animal cell Plant cell
• Jelly-like medium.
• Place where biochemical reaction occur.
Comparison Of The Animal Cell and Plant Cell
• Both have nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondion and endoplasmic reticulum.
Animal cell Differences Plant cell
No chloroplast Choroplast Has chloroplast
No cell wall Cell wall Has cellulose cell wall
Only temporary and small Vacuole Permenanat and large sap
vacuole vacuole
Do not have fixed shape Shape Has fixed and regular shape
Smaller than plant cell Size Larger than animal cell
Has centriole Centriole No centriole
Stored as glycogen Granule stored Stored as starch
Do no have tonopalst Tonoplast Has tonoplast
Produces a variety of secretions Secretion Produces few secretions
Common Lysosome Uncommon
Often present Cilia and flaggella Absent
Exercise 2.1
1) Draw and label diagrams of an animal cell and plant cell
observed by electron microscope.
2) State the function of each components below:-
a) Cell wall i) Lysosome
b) Plasma membrane j) Ribosome
c) Cytoplasm k) Centriole
d) Nucleus l) Chloroplast
e) Mitochondrion m) Vacuole
f) Golgi apparatus
g) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
h) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3) Construct a table to compare and contrast animal and plant
cell.
