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Chapter 2 Matrix Algebra (1)

Chapter 2 provides a review of matrix algebra, focusing on solving systems of linear equations using matrix notation. It covers matrix multiplication, transposition, determinants, and methods for solving linear equations such as Cramer's Rule and Gaussian elimination. Additionally, exercises and assignments are included to practice these concepts.

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7 views

Chapter 2 Matrix Algebra (1)

Chapter 2 provides a review of matrix algebra, focusing on solving systems of linear equations using matrix notation. It covers matrix multiplication, transposition, determinants, and methods for solving linear equations such as Cramer's Rule and Gaussian elimination. Additionally, exercises and assignments are included to practice these concepts.

Uploaded by

Ruby Rose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Review of Matrix Algebra


2-1 Matrix Algebra
In this course, we need to solve system of linear equations in
the form
a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn b1
a21 x1  a22 x2  ...  a2 n xn b2
(2-1)
............................................
an1 x1  an 2 x2  ...  ann xn bn

where x1, x2, …, xn are the unknowns.

Eqn. (2-1) can be written in a matrix form as


 Ax b (2-2)
where [A] is a (n x n) square matrix, {x} and {b} are (n x 1) vectors.
The square matrix [A] and the {x} and {b} vectors are given
by,

 a11 a12 ... a1n   x1   b1 


a a22 ... a2 n  x  b 
A   21 , x  2  , and b  2 
 : : : :  :  :
  
 an1 an 2 ... ann   xn 
 
bn 

… (2-3)

Note:
Element located at ith row and jth column of matrix [A] is denoted by aij.
For example, element at the 2nd row and 2nd column is a22.
2-2 Matrix Multiplication
The product of matrix [A] of size (m x n) and matrix [B] of size
(n x p) will results in matrix [C], with size (m x p).
 A B   C  (2-4)
( m x n) (n x p) (m x p)

Note: The (ij)th component of [C], i.e. cij, is obtained by taking the
DOT product,
cij (ith row of [ A]) ( jth column of [ B ]) (2-5)

Example: 1 4 
2 1 3  5  2  7 15
0 
  2 1    - 10 7 
 
 0 3 
( 2 x 3) (3 x 2) (2 x 2)
2-3 Matrix Transposition
If matrix [A] = [aij], then transpose of [A], denoted by [A]T, is
given by [A]T = [aji]. Thus, the rows of [A] becomes the columns
of [A]T.
 1  5
Example:  0 6 
[ A] 
 2 3 
 
 4 2 

T  1 0  2 4
Then, [ A] 
 5 6 3 2

Note: In general, if [A] is of dimension (m x n), then [A]T has the


dimension of (n x m).
2-4 Transpose of a Product
The transpose of a product of matrices is given by the product
of the transposes of each matrices, in reverse order, i.e.
([ A][ B ][C ]) T [C ]T [ B ]T [ A]T (2-6)

2-5 Determinant of a Matrix


Consider a 2 x 2 square matrix [x],
 x11 x12 
 x  
 x21 x22 

The determinant of this matrix is give by,


det  x   x11 x22  x21 x12 (2-7)
EXERCISE
Given that:
 1 2 5 6 7
[ A]   [C ] 
 3 4 8 9 10
 4 5 6 1 
 
[ D ]  1 2 3 {E} 2
 2 3 4 3 
 

1. Find the product for the following cases:


a) [A][C] b) [D]{E} c) [C]T[A][C]
2. Find the determinant of [A][A].
2-6 Solution of System of Linear Equations
System of linear algebraic equations can be solved for the
unknown using the following methods:
a) Cramer’s Rule
b) Inversion of Coefficient Matrix
c) Gaussian Elimination**
d) Gauss-Seidel Iteration

Example: Solve the following SLEs using Gaussian elimination.


2 x1  1x2  3 x3 11 (i)
4 x1  2 x2  3 x3 8 (ii)
 2 x1  2 x2  1x3  6 (iii)
Eliminate x1 from eq.(ii) and eq.(iii). Multiply eq.(ii) by 0.5 we get,
2 x1  1x2  3 x3 11 (i)
2 x1  1x2  1.5 x3 4 (ii) *
 2 x1  2 x2  1x3  6 (iii)

Subtract eq.(ii)* from eq.(i), we obtain


2 x1  1x2  3 x3 11 (i)
0 x1  2 x2  4.5 x3 7 (ii) * *
 2 x1  2 x2  1x3  6 (iii)

Add eq.(iii) with eq.(i), yields


2 x1  1x2  3 x3 11 (i)
0 x1  2 x2  4.5 x3 7 (ii) * *
0 x1  3 x2  4 x3 5 (iii) *
Eliminate x2 from eq.(iii)*. Multiply eq.(ii)** by 3 and eq.(iii)*
by 2 we get
2 x1  1x2  3 x3 11 (i)
0 x1  6 x2  13.5 x3 21 (ii) * * *
0 x1  6 x2  8 x3 10 (iii) * *
Subtract eq.(iii)** from eq.(ii)***, we obtain
2 x1  1x2  3 x3 11 (i)
0 x1  2 x2  4.5 x3 7 (ii) * *
0 x1  0 x2  5.5 x3 11 (iii) * * *

From eq.(iii)*** we determine the value of x3, i.e.


11
x3   2
 5. 5
Back substitute value of x3 into eq.(ii)** and solve for x2, we
get
7  4.5(  2)
x2   1
2
Back substitute value of x2 and x3 into eq.(i) and solve for x1,
we get
x1 3
ASSIGNMENT 1
Solve the following systems of linear equations by using the
Gaussian elimination method.

a)  x1  3 x2  2 x3 2
2 x1  4 x2  2 x3 1
0 x1  4 x2  x3 3

b)
2 x1  1x2  3 x3 11
4 x1  2 x2  3 x3 8
 2 x1  2 x2  2 x3  6
ASSIGNMENT 1

c) x1  1x2  4 x4 3
2 x2  1x3  5 x5 10
x2  x3  3 x5  2
x1  2 x3  x4  2
2 x2  4 x3  x5 1

Given that the boundary conditions for x1=1 and x5=1

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