LET US PRAY

Lord Jesus, please give me a

good mind that I may do all
my works well in such a way
that I will make you happy.
Help me to understand and
remember all the things that
I must learn. Help me to
enjoy and be happy with the
subject which I find so hard.
Amen. PAGE 1
 MODULE 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
LIMITS
BASIC CALCULUS
( UNIT 1: LIMITS AND CONTINUITY)

PAGE 2
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
1. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of
values and the graph of the function;

Lesson
The Limit of 1
a
2. Distinguish between and f(c);

Function: 3. Illustrate the limit theorems; and

Theorems and
Examples
4. Apply the limit theorems in evaluating the limit
of algebraic functions (polynomial, rational, and
radical).

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 What is CALCULUS?

 CALCULUS is a branch of mathematics that deals

with rate of change and motion

• Three (3) tools used in Calculus:

LIMITS DERIVATIVES INTEGRAL

DERIVATIVES ARE INTEGRAL GIVES THE INVERSE

BUILD FROM LIMITS FORM OF DERIVATIVES

When Algebra alone is insufficient in solving a problem,

you can use Calculus.
PAGE 4
 Strategy for making confident predictions.
LIMITS Let us ask, “What if?”
WRITTEN AS:
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐿 READ AS: ‘‘The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.”
𝑥→𝑐

where:
f(x) = function defined at every number (x) APPROACHING means an unlimited
= symbol for “approaching” degree of closeness that no other value
stands between f(x) and the limit.
c = any real number
L = limit

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 ESTIMATING A LIMIT (1)
lim ( 𝑥 − 1 )
𝑥→2

Let f(x)= Then construct a table that shows values of f(x) for two
sets of x-values, one set that approaches 2 from the left and one
that approaches 2 from the right.
(1) Table of values
2
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1
f(x) 0.9 0.99 0.990 ? 1.001 1.01 1.1
1

lim ( 𝑥 − 1 ) =1
𝑥→2
PAGE 6
(2) Substitution Method

lim ( 𝑥 − 1 ) =1
𝑥→2

PAGE 7
Example 2
Substitution Method

3 2
(1 ) −( 1) +(1 )−
= 1
(1 )− 1
Indeterminate form of limits PAGE 8
ESTIMATING A LIMIT (2)
3 2
𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥−1
lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
Let . Create a table that shows values of f(x) for several x-values near 1. One set that approaches
1 from the left and one that approaches 1 from the right.

1
x 0.997 0.998 0.999 1 1.001 1.002 1.003
f(x) 1.994 1.996 1.998 ? 2.002 2.004 2.006

3 2
𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥−1
lim =2
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

PAGE 9
 Indeterminate
form of limits
=
3 2
𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥−1
lim
𝑥−1
= undefined
𝑥→1

=0

PAGE 10
ESTIMATING A LIMIT (3)
lim ¿ ¿
𝑥→4

If

𝑓 (𝑥 )=
{ ¿ 𝑥 +1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
2
¿ ( 𝑥 − 4 ) +3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

When x approaches 4 from When x approaches 4 from the

the left, the values taken should right, the values taken should be
be substituted in f(x)= x +1. substituted in f(x)=.
x f(x) x f(x)
3.7 4.7 4.3 3.09
3.85 4.85 4.1 3.01
3.995 4.995 4.001 3.000001
3.9999 4.9999 lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑫𝑵𝑬 4.00001 3.0000000001
𝑥→4

PAGE 11
ONE – SIDED
LIMITS
lim ¿ The limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the right
+¿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿¿

The limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the left

PAGE 12
ESTIMATING A LIMIT
lim ¿ ¿
𝑥→4
If

𝑓 (𝑥 )=
{ ¿ 𝑥 +1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
2
¿ ( 𝑥 − 4 ) +3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

When x approaches 4 from the When x approaches 4 from

left, the values taken should be the right, the values taken
substituted in f(x)=x +1. should be substituted in f(x)=.
So,
X f(x) X f(x)
3.7 4.7 4.3 3.09
3.85 4.85 4.1 3.01
3.995 4.995 4.001 3.000001
3.9999 4.9999 4.00001 3.0000000001

lim ¿ ¿ lim ¿
− +¿
𝑥→4 𝑥→4 ¿¿ ¿

PAGE 13
 ESTIMATING A LIMIT
Given the graph of y=g(x)= in FIGURE 1.1

Determine the following:

a.g(-2) = f. =
b.g(0)= g.
c.g(2)= h. Does exists?=
d. i. =
e. j. =

FIGURE 1.1

PAGE 14
ESTIMATING A LIMIT
Given the graph of y= f(x) = in FIGURE 1.2

Determine the following:

a. =

=
b.Does exists?
=

=
FIGURE 1.2

PAGE 15
ESTIMATING A LIMIT
1
𝑓 (𝑥 )=
𝑥

x f(x) X f(x)
0.5 2 -0.5 -2
0.25 4 -0.25 -4
and
0.1 10 -0.1 -10
0.01 100 -0.01 -100
0.001 1000 -0.001 -1000
0.0001 10000 -0.0001 -10000

Each one-sided limit does not exist; there is no number to which f(x) can be made as
close as we want, whether from the right or from the left of 0. The values just explode
unlimitedly
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝑥→0

Limits like these are usually referred to as infinite limits.

PAGE 16
PAGE 17