Genetically Modified

Organisms (GMO)
Science, Health, and Politics

GROUP 2
What is Genetically Modified
Organisms?
It is a term used for an organism created
through genetic engineering (WHO,2014)
 it is an “organism, either plant, animal,
or microorganism, in which the genetic
material (DNA) has been altered in a
way that does not occur naturally by
mating or natural recombination.”
 Development of GMOs was perceived
to help advancements of technology
for the benefit of humans in different
industries like agriculture and,
medicine.
Rosalie Ellasus

a former overseas Filipino worker in

Singapore turned farmer,attended
the Integrated Pest Management -
Farmers Field School and was
introduced to Bt Corn

Bt Corn - a genetically modified corn

that is resistant to the destructive
Asian corn borer
She volunteered for demo-
testing in her field and yielded
7.2 tons per acre as
compared to a regular of 4.2
tons per hectare. No
insecticide spraying was
needed. This is one of the
success stories of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)
(Ongkiko, 2016).
 In 1951, the term genetic
engineering was coined by
Jack Williamson, author of
the science fiction novel
Dragon’s Island, years
before the actual research
findings on the DNA’s role in
hereditary and its structure.
Through continuous search for development, the concept is no longer
limited to science fiction novel and became a reality in science
laboratories.
The general process of genetic
engineering is the deliberate
manipulation of the organism's genes,
where it may involve transfer of genes
from other organisms
Some examples are:
antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria created in 1973.

or the ongoing research on using genetically modified male mosquitoes

as pest control over female mosquito carriers of Zika virus.
Despite the many possibilities of creating solutions for
problems and opening doors for innovations, genetic
engineering faces much opposition that raise ethical,
social, and environmental issues related to genetic
engineering and its GMOs.
GMOs in Food and Agricultural
Industries
 1.PEST RESISTANCE -
genetically modified plants to
resist certain pests.
The DNA (genome) of Bt Corn has been modified with the gene of Bacillus
thurungiensis, a soil bacterium that produces proteins which is toxic to corn borers
(worms).
2.VIRUS RESISTANCE -
genetically modified
plants to resist certain
viruses.
The papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is known to be detrimental to papaya plants. The protein of
PRSV was introduced to the papaya plant through plant tissue which turned out to be
resistant to the virus itself. The effect was like the vaccines humans have against measles or
influenza virus.
3.HERBICIDE TOLERANCE -
genetically modified plants to
tolerate herbicide
Glyphosate, an herbicide for weeds, was introduced to soybeans making it
tolerant to the herbicide itself.

4. FORTICIFATION -
genetically modified plans
fortified with certain
minerals.
Beta - carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was introduced through
biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the rice grains fortidied with Vitamin A.
5. COSMETIC PRESERVATION
- genetically modified plant
resist natural discoloration.
Arctic apple the variety was genetically modified to suppress the browning
of apple due to superficial damage.
6. INCREASE GROWTH RATE
- a genetically modified
organism that has higher yield
in growth than normal species.

A gene from an ocean pout, an ell - like fish was introduced to Pacific
Vhinook salmon, making the salmon grow faster than its normal rate.
GMOs in Non- Food Crops and
Microorganisms
 1.) FLOWER
PRODUCTION
-seen in modified color and
extended
Blue roses vase
are, in reality, lilaclife of flowers.
or purple, contained
cyanidin 3, 5-diglucose, together with large amounts
of flavonols. Introduction of the flavanoid 31, 51-hydroxylase gene into pelargonidin- or
cyanidin-producing rose cultivars diverts the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway toward
producing rose cultivars diverts the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway toward the production of
delphinidin glucosides and the flower color to blue(Elomaa & Holton, 1994)

2.) PAPER PRODUCTION

-modified characteristics of trees for
higher yield of paper production.
Poplar trees. Lignin is a complex polymer in trees that is
removed from wood to make paper through kraft process,
through inserting genes that code for ferulic acid in young
poplar trees, the lignin structure is modified, making lignin
easier to breakdown(Veniza, 2014).
3.) PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTIONS
-modified plants to produce
pharmaceutical productions
Periwinkle plants are modified by adding bacterial
genes to enhance the production of vinblastine, an
alkaloid usually added to drugs for cancer treatments
like Hodgkin’s lymphoma(Runguphan, 2010).
4.) BIOREMEDIATION
-use of modified plants that can
assist in the biomediation of
polluted sites.
The shrub tabacco, Nicotiana glauca, genetically
modified with phytochelatin TaPCSI1 is used for
bioremediation. It shows high level accumulation of
zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produces
high biomass.
 5.) Enzyme and drug production
-use of modified microorganisms that can
produce enzymes for food processing and
medicines.
CGTase (Cyclomaltodextrin glycosyltransferase) is an enzyme used
for food flavor enhancer, produced in higher quantity by bacterium
Bacillus which was genetically modified with the gene of thermophilic
anaerobe, Thermoanaerobacter, carrying CGTaste.
6.) GMOs in the medical field
- genetic engineering is playing a significant role from
diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. It helps
in the production of drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory
researches
Humulin, .
the genetically engineered insulin used by Type 1 diabetes
patients who
are insulin-dependent. In the past, insulin is extracted from the
pancreas of pigs
and cows that have caused allergic reactions to some diabetics
using it. Researches
from the City of Hope National Medical Center and Genentech
Biotechnology
Company were able to produce human insulin on 1978. The gene for
 BENEFITS OF GMOs
1.) Higher efficiency in farming
2.) Increase in harvest
3.) Control in fertility
4.) Increase in food processing
5.) Improvement of desirable characteristics
6.) Nutritional and pharmaceutical
enhancement
7.) Reduce the use of fertilizer
 THE TOP 5 COUNTRIES THAT OPERATE GMO
FARMLAND:
UNITED STATES BRAZIL ARGENTINA
CANADA INDIA
 POTENTIAL RISKS OF GMOs
- Despite the promising claims of GMOs, the opponents of GMOs claim otherwise.
For example, there are studies that show a link in the adaption of pesticide-
resistant GMO crops to the significant growth of super weeds that became
pesticide-resistant, too.
The following are the major concerns of the opponents of GMOs:

1. ) Since genetic engineering is still a young branch of science, there are inadequate
studies on the effects of GMOs to humans and the environment.

2.) Genetic engineering promotes mutation in organisms which the long term effect is
still unknown.

✓ More allergic reactions ✓ Gene mutation ✓ Antibiotic resistance ✓ Nutritional

3.) Human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:

value
 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS CAUSED BY GMOs
1.) Risk in gene flow
2.) Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and
weed problems
3.) Recombination of virus and bacteria to produce new pathogens
Other direct and indirect risks caused by GMOs:

● Direct environmental risks are:

✓ Introduction of GMOs in natural environment may cause disruption off the natural communities through competition or
interference;
✓ Possibility of unexpected behavior of the GMOs in the environment if it escapes its intended use and may post threats or
become pest;
✓ May cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if GMOs interfere with the natural biochemical cycles; and the
persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which may cause negative impacts to thee consumer of GMO products.

● Indirect environmental risks are:

✓ Alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative impacts of GMOs to the environment such as evolution of insects,
pests, and weeds that became resistant to GMO crops;
✓ May have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration in agricultural practices; and
✓ May have varied environmental impacts due to GMOs interaction and release in the natural environment.
Importance of
GMOs in
modern
agriculture
Do you know what helps you make your point
crystal clear? Lists like this one:
● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience

won’t miss the point of your presentation
 Types of GMOs

Modified crops Modified animals

Mercury is the closest planet to the Venus has a beautiful name and is
Sun and the smallest one in the the second planet from the Sun. It’s
Solar System. This planet’s name terribly hot—even hotter than
has nothing to do with the liquid Mercury—and its atmosphere is
metal, since it was named after a extremely poisonous. It’s the
god. Its surface is quite similar to second-brightest natural object in
that of Earth’s Moon the night sky after the Moon
 Experiments and research
Soybean
Corn Apples Cotton Potatoes
s

Improved nutritional
90.5% 85.7% 92.4% 96.1% 83.4%
content and food quality

Increased resistance to
pests, diseases, and 97.5% 93.6% 90.2% 87.1% 82.3%
stresses

Reduced use of chemical

100% 98.3% 97.6% 85.4% 93.2%
pesticides and herbicides

Increased growth rates and

98.9% 96.3% 94.4% 85.2% 83.5%
food production

Increased levels of
essential vitamins and 89.9% 87.6% 98.3% 87.4% 88.6%
minerals
 Main characteristics of GMOs

Reproducibilit
DNA alteration Novel traits y
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Earth is the third planet
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet from the Sun and the only
smallest one in the Solar from the Sun. It’s terribly one that harbors life in the
System. This planet’s name hot and its atmosphere is Solar System. All humans
has nothing to do with the poisonous. It’s the second- live on this planet and it’s
liquid metal, since it was brightest natural object in also known as the Blue
named after a god the night sky Planet
Reasons for genetic modification
Improving crop
yields Nutritional content
Mercury is the closest planet to the Venus has a beautiful name and is the
Sun and the smallest one in the Solar second planet from the Sun. It’s
System. This planet’s name has terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury
nothing to do with the liquid metal and Venus has a toxic atmosphere

Increasing
resistance Reducing pesticides
Earth is the third planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is actually a
and the only one that harbors life in cold place. It's full of iron oxide dust,
the Solar System. All humans live here which gives the planet its reddish cast,
and it’s also known as the Blue Planet and it’s made of basalt
 Genetic engineering techniques
Gene editing Transgenic RNAi
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Earth is the third planet
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet from the Sun and the only
smallest one in the Solar from the Sun. It’s terribly one in the Solar System
System. It was named after hot, even hotter than that harbors life. This is
a god Mercury where we all live

Mutagenesis Breeding Other

Despite being red, Mars is Jupiter is a gas giant and Saturn is a gas giant and
actually a cold place. It's the biggest planet. It was has rings. It’s composed
full of iron oxide dust, named after the Roman mostly of hydrogen and
which gives the planet its god of the skies and helium. It was named after
reddish cast lightning a god
Awesome
words
“This is a quote, words full
of wisdom that someone
important said and that
can inspire the reader”

—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a
thousand words
To reinforce the
concept, try
using an image
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long
text. Your audience will appreciate it
98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
The distance between Earth and the Moon
 Let’s use some percentages

25 50 75
% % %

Other Animals Crops

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Earth is the third planet
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet from the Sun and the only
smallest one in the Solar from the Sun. It’s terribly one in the Solar System
System. It was named after hot and its atmosphere is that harbors life. This is
a god poisonous where we all live
Computer
mockup
You can replace the image on the screen with
your own work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
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your own work. Just right-click on it and
select “Replace image”
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select “Replace image”
 The largest cultivators of GMOs
USA
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
smallest one of them all

Brazil
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet
from the Sun

Argentina
Earth is third planet and the
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one only one that harbors life in
here. For more info, click here the Solar System
 Genetic engineering process

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Mercury is the Venus is a terribly Earth is the third Despite being red,
smallest planet hot planet planet from the Mars is a cold
Sun place

Step 8 Step 7 Step 6 Step 5

Pluto is considered Neptune is very far Saturn is a gas Jupiter is the
a dwarf planet away from us giant and has rings biggest planet of
them all
 Infographics are useful
GMOs

Crops Animals

Soybeans Corn Salmon Pigs

Mercury is small Venus has a Earth is the third Despite being red,
and the closest beautiful name planet from the Mars is actually a
planet to the Sun and is the second Sun and harbors very cold place
planet life
 GMOs in recent years
Soybeans

Corn

Apples

Potatoes

Cotton

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one
here. For more info, click here
 Foods that might contains GMOs
Soda Pizza Apples Burgers
Mercury is the Venus has a cute Earth is the third Despite being red,
closest planet to name and is the planet from the Mars is actually a
the Sun and the second planet Sun and the only cold place. It is full
smallest of them from the Sun one that harbors of iron oxide dust
all life

Cheese Bread Corn Peas

Jupiter is a gas Saturn is a gas Neptune is the Pluto is considered
giant and the giant and has farthest planet a dwarf planet and
biggest planet. It several rings. It from the Sun. the Moon is Earth’s
was named after a was named after a Neptune is an ice only natural
god Roman god giant satellite
 Genetically modified crops

Soy crops Corn crops

10% Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful 25%
planet to the Sun and the name and is the second
smallest one in the Solar planet from the Sun
System

Sugar beets Cotton crops

50% Earth is the third planet Despite being red, Mars is 75%
from the Sun and the only actually a cold place. It is
one that harbors life full of iron oxide dust
 Should GMO food be labeled?
80% - Should be
labeled
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
and the smallest one in the Solar System

15% - Not necessary

Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun

5% - Not sure
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then Earth is the third planet from the Sun and
paste the new one here. For more info, click here the only one that harbors life
 Concerns and controversies of
GMOs
Potential health risks Environmental impact
Introduce new allergens or increase the GMOs may have effects on biodiversity:
levels of existing allergens in the food insects, pollinators, and soil organisms

Genetic material from GMOs could Development of herbicide-resistant

transfer into human cells weeds, which can reduce biodiversity

Some GMOs may contain marker genes There is a risk that the targeted pests
that confer resistance to antibiotics could develop resistance to the toxins
produced
Changes in the levels of naturally Uncontrolled gene flow can have
occurring compounds or altered terrible ecological consequences for
nutrient profiles wild species
 Experiments and tests
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet

Earth is the only planet that harbors life

Mars is a very cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust

New GMO crop
Mercury is the closest Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet
planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar
Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
System Mercury was
named after the Roman
messenger god Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun
Future directions and possibilities
Mercury is the closest planet to the Saturn is has several rings. It’s
01 Sun and the smallest one of them 06 composed of hydrogen and helium
all
Venus has a beautiful name and is Neptune is the fourth-largest planet
02 the second planet from the Sun 07 by diameter in the Solar System

Earth is the third planet from the Pluto is now considered a dwarf
03 Sun and the only one that harbors 08 planet. It is small and far away from
life us
Despite being red, Mars is actually The Sun is the giant star at the
04 a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide 09 center of the Solar System
dust
Jupiter is a gas giant and the The Moon is Earth’s natural
05 biggest planet in the Solar System 10 satellite. Its diameter is one-quarter
of Earth's
 Our team

Sofia Hill Kaliyah Harris

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 Organic vs modified
Genetically
Fresh & organic
modified &
local foods
imported foods

GMO farm Local farm

Mercury is the
closest planet to the
01 01 Earth is the only
planet that harbors
Sun life

Imported Served fresh

Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
02 02 Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
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