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Geographical Grid

The document explains the concepts of latitudes and longitudes, detailing important lines of latitude such as the Equator, Tropics, and Polar Circles. It also describes the Earth's heat zones, the International Date Line, and the significance of great circles in navigation and meteorology. Additionally, it provides a method for calculating time differences based on longitude.

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captain.flatbelly05
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5 views

Geographical Grid

The document explains the concepts of latitudes and longitudes, detailing important lines of latitude such as the Equator, Tropics, and Polar Circles. It also describes the Earth's heat zones, the International Date Line, and the significance of great circles in navigation and meteorology. Additionally, it provides a method for calculating time differences based on longitude.

Uploaded by

captain.flatbelly05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GEOGRAPHICAL GRID

LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES


• Lines of Latitude are the imaginary
lines joining all places having the
same latitude towards north or south
of the Equator.
• A latitude is the angular distance of a
place north or south of the Equator.*
• A latitude is marked in degrees, with
Equator being 0 degrees.
• Latitudes are calculated according to
the angle a place makes with the
centre of the earth.*
• Since the lines of latitude are parallel
to the Equator and each other, they
are called parallels of latitude.
• Each parallel of latitude is a full circle.
However, only the Equator is a Great
Circle.
IMPORTANT LINES OF LATITUDE

• Equator is the longest line of latitude.


• It represents 0 deg latitude.
• The North Pole (90 deg N) is located at an angular
distance of 90 deg north of the Equator.
• The South Pole is located at an angular distance of 90
deg south of the Equator.
• The Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2 deg N) is a line of latitude
located 23 1/2 deg north of the Equator.
• The Tropic of Capricorn (23 1/2 deg S) is a line of
latitude located (23 1/2 deg S) south of the Equator.
• The Arctic Circle represents 66 1/2 deg * N latitude.The
Arctic Circle marks the limit of the north polar region
surrounding the North Pole.
• The Antarctic Circle represents 66 1/2 deg latitude. The
Antarctic Circle marks the limit of the south polar
region around the South Pole.
• Prime Meridian is the center of the longitudes with
the value of 0 degree.
THE HEAT ZONES OF THE EARTH
North pole

Arctic circle

S
Tropic of cancer
U
N
Tropic of capricorn

Antarctic circle

South pole
Torrid Zone
Sun rays fall vertical between tropic of Caner and Tropic of Capricorn, have to travel a smaller distance and heat up a smaller
area, therefore receives maximum heat.
Temperate Zone
Sun rays fall slanting between Tropic of Caner and Arctic circle Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic circle, have to travel a larger
distance and heat up a larger area, therefore receives lesser heat.
Frigid Zone
Sun rays fall very slantingly, have to travel a larger area and have to heat up a larger area due to the curvature
of the Earth.
INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

International Date line (IDL) IS THE 180° considered common for East and West . No suffix is attached to it. It is a zig-zag
line drawn to avoid different dates and time within the same country.
ASIA 180 ° AMERICA
2nd June 1st June

Loose a day Gains a day

Skips a day
Repeats a day
GREAT CIRCLES
A great circle is a theoretical circle formed by the intersection of the earth's surface and an imaginary plane that (passes
through the center of the earth and divides it into two equal parts.

Infinite number of circles that touch the two opposite ends of the sphere can be drawn on a sphere. Intersecting great
circles always bisect each other.

Importance of great circles


Navigators use great circles to find the shortest distance between any two points on the earth's surface. A Great Circle
Route is the shortest distance between two places on the earth and lies on the arc of a great circle. Using this
hypothesis, the shortest route from New York to Moscow would be over the North Pole.

Great circles are used by meteorologists to determine climate and weather conditions in a region.
TIME SUMS
• Step 1. To find the difference or sum of longitudes. Find the difference between the longitudes if it is of same
hemisphere. Eg: east and east OR west and west.
• Find the time at 30° E when it is 2 am at 10° E = 30° -10° = 20°
• Find the time at 30° W when it is 2 am at 10° W = 30° – 10° = 20°
• Find the sum of longitudes if the time given is of different hemispheres. Eg: East and West or West and East. Find
the time at 30° W when it is 2 am at 10° E = 30° +10° = 40°
• Find the time at 30° E when it is 2 am at 10° W = 30° + 10° = 40° Step 2.
• Multiply the answer (added or subtracted) by 4 degrees since 1 degree = 4 mins.
• Step 3. Divide the answer by 60 in order to convert it into hours.
• Step 4.If the unknown time lies to the East of known time then the answer will be added to know the time of that
location.

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