COMPUTER SYSTEM

ORGANIZATION
Understanding fundamental of
What is
Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device that can
perform a variety of operations in
accordance with set of instructions called
program.
 A computer can be defined as an electronic
device which accepts input from the user,
process the input and produce the desired
output.
Basic Computer Components
Introducti
on
 Our present day life is so automatic that most of the tasks are
accomplished with a click of a button. In every sphere of life,
machines dominate human efforts. Let us take the case of cash
withdrawal from a bank ATM. The user is required to press only
a few buttons to authenticate his identity and the amount he
wishes to withdraw. Then within seconds the money pops out of
the ATM. During this process, the inside working of bank ATM is
beyond imagination of the user. Broadly speaking, the ATM
receives certain data from the user, processes it and gives the
output (money). This is exactly what a computer does. Formally,
aacomputer can be and
particular defined as follows: a
of performing sequence
 accordanc form
“ An electronic of operations
device which is capable in
of receiving
procedural
e with ina predetermined
information instructions
(data) but variable
(program) to produce a result set of
in the form of information or signals.”
Introducti
on
 computer performs basically five major
functions
irrespective of its size and make.
 It accepts data or instructions by way
of input
 It stores data
 It processes data as required by the
user I-P-O
 It controls operations of a computer Cycle
 It gives results in the form of output
INPU PROCESS OUTPU
T T
Block Diagram of Computer
Block Diagram of
Computer
 The above diagram describes the basic layout
of a computer. A computer receives data and
instructions through "Input Devices" which get
processed in Central Processing Unit, "CPU" and
the result is shown through "Output Devices".
The "Main / primary Memory" and "Secondary
/ Auxiliary Memory" are used to store data
inside the computer. These are the basic
components that each computer possess. Each
of these components exists in various types and
variety that differ in shape, size, usage and
performance. The user makes a choice
according to his specific requirement.
CP
U
 Stands for Central Processing Unit
 Also known as the Brain of Computer.
 It convert the Input into Output
 CPU perform its operation with the help
of its 2 subunits :-
🞑 ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit
🞑 CU : Control Unit
AL
U
 ALU Perform all the arithmetical
and logical operations.
 Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, /
 Logical operation like comparison or
decision making like: >, <, =, >=,
<=, <>
C
U
 Control and guides the interpretation of all
the data and information.
 It takes input from Input device and store it
in main memory, then it send the data to
ALU if any arithmetic operation is required
after this it transfer the output to output
devices.
Memory of
Computer
 Memory refers to the place where data
is stored temporarily or permanently.
 Input must goes to Memory Unit then only
any action on it can be performed.
 Computer Memory is basically of 2 types:
🞑 Primary Memory
 Primary or main memory stores information(data
and
instruction)
🞑 Secondary Memory
 Stores the data permanently for future retreival
Primary
Memory
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
🞑It is the working memory, right from the
booting of computer till the computer is
shutdown this memory is in use to store all
the operation done by the computer
🞑 is used for primary storage in computers to
hold active information of data and
instructions.
🞑 It holds data temporarily i.e. Volatile Memory

🞑 Data is lost if Power Off

Primary
Memory
 Read Only Memory (ROM)
🞑ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to store the
instructions provided by the manufacturer,
which holds the instructions to check basic
hardware inter connecter and to load
operating system from appropriate storage
device
🞑 It is also known as FIRMWARE

🞑 Its data is stored permanently on it so it is non-

volatile device.
Unit of
Memory
The elementary unit of memory is a bit (binary
digit) Zero(0) & One(1)

GROUP OF KNOWN AS
4 BIT NIBBLE
8 BIT BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILO BYTE(KB)
1024 KB 1 MEGA BYTE(MB)
1024 MB 1 GIGA BYTE(GB)
1024 GB 1 TERA BYTE(TB)
1024 TB 1 PETA BYTE(PB)
Secondary Storage
Devices
 If we want to save data for future reference and
retrieval then it needs to be saved in memory
other than primary memory, which is called
secondary memory, or auxiliary memory.
Normally hard disk of computer is used as
secondary memory but this is not portable so
there are many other secondary storage media
in use.
 Example:
🞑 Hard Disk
🞑 CD/DVD
🞑 Pen Drive
🞑 Floppy, etc.
Secondary Storage
Devices
 HARD DISK :
🞑 A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk, or
disk drive) is a device for storing and retrieving
digital information, primarily computer data.
🞑 It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard")
rapidly rotating discs (often referred to as
platters), coated with magnetic material and with
magnetic heads arranged to write data to the
surfaces and read it from them.
🞑 Generally hard disks are sealed units fixed in the
cabinet. It is also known as fixed disk
Secondary Storage
Devices
 FLOPPY DISK : It is a data storage medium that is
made up of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic
material enclosed in a cover. Its capacity is
1.44 MB.

 COMPACT DISK (CD) : Capacity of standard

120mm CD is 700MB. It is a thin optical disk
which is commonly
to store audio andused
video data. Transfer
speed is as multiple of 150 KB/s. 600
mentioned
4x means KB/s .
Secondary Storage
Devices
 DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) : This is an optical disc
storage device. It can be recorded on single side
or on double side. Its capacity may range from
4.7 GB to
8.5 GB.
 PEN DRIVE :This is small, portable memory, which

can be plugged into a computer with USB Port.

They have capacity lesser than hard disk but
much larger than a floppy or CD. They are more
reliable also. They are also called pen drive.
Input
Devices
 These are the devices used to give input
to computer for processing.
 Input may be in form of text, images,
audio, etc.
 Input Devices example:
🞑 Keyboard
🞑 Mouse

🞑 Joystick

🞑 Scanner

🞑 Etc.
 KEYBOAR
D
Function
Keys Numeric
Keys

Control Key

Alt Key Enter Key

This is the most common input device which uses an arrangement of

buttons or keys. In a keyboard each press of a key typically
corresponds to a single written symbol. However some symbols
require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in
sequence. While most keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or
characters, other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce
actions or computer commands.
 MOUS
E

Wire Wireless
Mechanical d Optical
Mouse Mouse by detecting two-
A mouse is a pointing device that functions
dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. The
mouse's motion typically translates into the motion of a cursor
on a display, which allows for fine control of a Graphical User
Interface. A mouse primarily comprises of three parts: the
buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. Using left
button of mouse different operations like selection, dragging,
moving and pasting can be done. With the right button we can
open a context menu for an item, if it is applicable.
 SCANNE
R
Scanner is a device that optically scans
images, printed text, handwriting, or an
object, and converts it to digital image.

JOYSTICK
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick
that pivots on a base and reports its angle or
direction to the device it is controlling.
Many people use joysticks on computer games
involving flight such as flight simulator.
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and
usually have one or more push-buttons whose
state can also be read by the computer
 TOUCH
SCREEN
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an
input device. The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user
interacts with the computer by touching pictures or words on
the screen.

You may see it at as KIOSKS installed in various public places

like ATM machines, Railway’s PNR Checking machine etc.

MICROPHONE
It is used to input audio data into the computer. They are
mainly used
for sound recording.
OUTPUT
DEVICE
 Output device is used to display the
output to user either in soft copy or hard
copy.
 Soft copy output appears on monitor
whereas hard copy output appears on
paper by printer.
 Various output devices are:
🞑 Monitor
🞑 Printer

🞑 Speaker

🞑 Projector etc.
Monit
or
 Also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 It is the primary output device where
we see the output. It looks like TV.
 Its display may be CRT, LCD or LED
 CRT – Cathode ray tube
 LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
 LED – Light Emitting Diode
Printe
r
 Printer produces output on paper.
 There are various types of printer
available in market like:
 Dot Matrix Printer : uses ribbon and
hammer technology. Its quality is not
very good. Output is printer by making
object using small dots.
Printe
r
 Inkjet/Deskjet Printer: is a type of computer
printer that creates a digital image by
propelling droplets of ink onto paper.
 Laser Printer : These printers use laser technology
to produce printed documents. These are very
fast printers and are used for high quality
prints.
CMO
S
 complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
 CMOS is an onboard, battery powered
semiconductor chip inside computers that
stores information.
 This information ranges from the system time
and date to system hardware settings for your
computer.
 CMOS battery is generally used to give backup
support to BIOS program.
BIO
S
 The basic input/output system (BIOS) is also
commonly known as the System BIOS. The BIOS is
boot firmware, a small program that controls
various electronic devices attached to the main
computer system.
 It is designed to be the first set of instructions run
by a Computer when powered on. The initial
function of the BIOS is to initialize system
devices such as the RAM, hard disk, CD/DVD
drive, video display card, and other hardware.