MATHEMATICS

PROJECT

By Harshvardhni
Class XI – B
 Application of Geometry in Daily Lif

“The Universe cannot be read until we learn the language in

which it is written. It is written in mathematics, and the letters
are triangles, circle and other geometrical figures, without
which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word.”

-
Galileo Galilei
 INTRODUCTION
Geometry is an ancient science and an important
branch of mathematics. The ancient mathematician Euclid
is credited as the Father of Geometry; who used the word
formally in his book “Elements”. It is derived from the old
Greek word Geometron meaning to measure the earth
(geo : earth and metron : measurement).
For many, geometry is all about different basic shapes,
including their naming, properties and formulas related to
their areas and volume. But modern geometry has
diverged much more from these basic concepts. But none
of these has changed their existence and applications in
daily life, and it still reflects in our everyday experience.
 NATURE

 The most important example of geometry in everyday life is

formed by the nature surrounding humans. If one looks closely,
one might find different geometrical shapes and patterns in leaves,
flowers, stems roots, bark and the list goes on.
 The leaves on the trees are of varying shapes, sizes, and
symmetries.
 Different fruits and vegetables have different geometrical
shapes; take the example of orange, it is a sphere and after
peeling it, one might notice how the individual slices form the
perfect sphere.
 Honeycomb : hexagonal patterns arranged in tandem and
Snowflakes
 The flowers exhibit the “Six-Around-One” patterns also called
“Hexagonal Packaging” and “Tessellating Hexagons.”
 HOME
• Geometry play a significant aspect in homes as well - windows,
doors, beds, chairs, tables, TV, mats, rugs, cushions, etc. have
different shapes.
• Bed sheets, quilts, covers, mats, and carpets have different
geometric patterns on them.
• Cooking - Chef needs to add all the ingredients in accurate
proportions and ratio to put forth a delicious dish.
• Organizing a room - each and every space is utilized to make
the room look more appealing. A house is made to look more
presentable by using vases, paintings, and various decorative
pieces, which are of different geometric shapes and have
different patterns made on them.
 SPORTS

 Sports often do make use of geometrical concepts. The buildings of the

stadiums and athletic fields take into consideration geometric shapes.
 The athletic fields also employ geometry - hockey, soccer, basketball,
and football fields are rectangular in shape. The corner kick spots,
goal posts, arcs, D-section, and center circle are marked on the field.
 Similarly, the pitches of various other sports like volleyball and
basketball take into consideration the geometrical aspects because
these pitches have oval as well as circular arcs marked clearly.
 Talking of track field, semicircular shapes are often noticeable. Angles
also play a critical role in predicting the movement of the players,
enhancing their performance, and scoring point.
 Role Of Geometry In Various Other Fields

Geometry is the most influential branch of

mathematics. A keen observation will give us many
examples.
Geometry briefly is used in various daily life
applications such as surveying, astronomy, navigation,
building and much more.
Other advanced applications include robotics, fashion
designing, computer graphics and modeling.
For example, in fashion designing, a fashion designer
has to know about different shapes and their symmetry
for developing the best design
 ANIMATION
 One of the most-used techniques to create the smooth and
detailed appearances of shapes uses geometry.
 Starting with a four-point polygon, the animators find the
midpoint of each line then split and average these points to
gradually create a smooth outline.
 The animators then subdivide the entire surface, giving the
character’s skin a realistic appearance. Using this method, the
animators can make a realistic 3 D object beginning from a few
straight lines.
 Computer animation is the art of designing an entire world
inside the space of the computer program using nothing but
geometry. Figures are created from hundreds, sometimes
thousands of polygons. These shapes, put
together, form a figure in 3 D.
 The figure can be adequately placed in a 3 D world.
This is geometry and graphic design merged
almost seamlessly to create an
entertaining whole.
 ASTRONOMY
 Geometry is used in Astronomy to determine the properties of
stars and other objects in space. It is developed to be a practical
guide in measuring the velocity, arc, volume and length of
heavenly bodies.
 Astronomy is the study of these objects & geometry assists in
figuring out their scope and placement in the universe.
 Geometry helps to map the positions of stars and planets on
the celestial sphere and describing the relationship between
movements of celestial bodies.
 ART
 Art encompasses the formation of figures & shapes, a basic
understanding of 2-D & 3-D, knowledge about spatial concepts,
and contribution of estimation, patterns & measurement.
 There is a close relationship between art and geometry.
 The formation of shapes is a result of the use of geometrical forms
like circle, triangle, square, mandala, or octagon.
 The contents of paintings or sculptures are largely affected by the
choice and shape of frames.
 The principles of projective geometry form the basis of
perspective, which is used in most of the painting .
 ARCHITECTURE

 Fundamental study of forms, shapes and spaces, and their order

along with their geometry contributes to the process of
composition and designing of any element of architecture.
 Geometry and its study make an important input to this process by
dealing with studies of geometric figures, shapes and forms as
elements and at the same place proportions, differences,
angles positions and transformations as relations between
them.
 Mathematics and crucially geometry - a specific study of
structures by considering collective sets of architectural elements
& their relations as well as operations.
 Architects use geometry: to define the spatial form of a building
i.e. to create the design of the building its shape, height,
construction blueprint.
 ENGINEERING

 Geometry is the foundation to civil engineering. It deals with the

design and construction of things that rest directly on the earth, such
as road, dams, bridges, etc. and is closely related to surveying,
which has to do with measuring the earth.
 All the stuff that civil engineers do requires geometric layout relating
to the site that they are working on, effectively the application of
Euclidean plane geometry, with trigonometry.
 In today’s computer design, a lot of the computational math is
concealed within the computer’s processor, but a strong conceptual
knowledge of how geometry works is definitely required for civil
engineer.
 FASHION DESIGN

 Geometry is integral to all forms of design and fashion designers

and make use of it in decisions regarding shapes, patterns and
prints.
 Angles play a role in determining necklines and hems, for
instance, and sophisticated geometrical patterns are very often
seen on garments.
 Fashion designers routinely make use of geometrical implements
such as T-squares and rulers, with straight lines being a
common sight in contemporary fashion.
 Some designers aim for a disguising of the natural figure with
such geometry, often by combining straight-edged garments with
grid-like patterning.
 GRAPHIC DESIGN
 All geometric elements have been so widely and joyfully used in
graphic design all around the world for ages.
 A Graphic designer’s goal is to create art in a particular medium.
Whenever the designer works in computer animation, sketching,
paint or with blueprints, geometry and its principles are heavily
applied to the craft.
 Properly drawing a house, tree or even a person’s portrait,
requires that a graphic designer be able to translate the spatial
relationships of the real world, or of that person’s image in his/her
mind, into his/her medium of choice.
 This means that the designer has to use the principles of geometry
in order to create results
PORTRAITS
 A trend that is extremely effective and striking is to break up
photography with geometric designs. Creating a 3D effect in a
2D image is a real eye - catching effect to make portraits more
interesting and memorable.
PHOTOGRAPHY
 Another way to use geometry in designs is to use it to make up
photography.
 This design takes sections of the larger photograph and moves
in into new positions within the original picture. Overlay with
wire frame shapes and the effect becomes really striking
GRIDS
 Using grids of different shapes that tessellate can be very
effective - Hexagons and triangles in particular. The shapes
are used to highlight key points and logos, and different colors
to pull out information.
 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• The GPS of the satellites use geometrical principles to calculate
the position of the satellites. The use of coordinate geometry
in the Global Positioning System (GPS) provides precise
information about the location and time.
• GPS employs coordinates to calculate the distance between any
two places. The coordinate geometry helps GPS to track
transportation accidents and carry out rescue operations.
• The coordinate geometry also aids in enhancing flight security,
weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring and environmental
protection.
• Various facets of military operations are also equipped with GPS.
 MAPPING
 Geometry helps in the accurate calculation of the
physical distances. It is employed in the field of astronomy
to bodies; geometry also plays a vital role in surveying and
navigation.
 In surveying, measurement is a result of the accurate
distances between stars & planets and between different
planets.
 It also aids in the determination of a relationship between
the movements of different bodies in the celestial
environment.
 In navigation, the ships, watercraft, and aircraft utilize
angles and also depend on other mathematical concepts for
carrying out basic operations.
 MEDICINE
• Techniques like x-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs and nuclear imaging
require the reconstruction of shapes of organs, bones, and
tumors, which is based on geometry only.
• Geometric properties and features help in defining the image in
digital grids.
• The geometrical concepts not only aid in visualization,
manipulation, image segmentation, correction and object
representation but also play an important role in increasing
stability, fidelity and efficiency.
• Bisecting angle techniques and parallel techniques are
crucial in radiology.
 TECHNOLOGY
 The most common example of geometry in everyday life is
technology. Be it robotics or computers or video games,
geometry is applied to almost all underlying concepts.
 The computer programmers are able to work because the
concepts of geometry are always at their disposal.
 The virtual world of video games is created only because
geometric computations help in designing complex graphics of
video games.
 Ray casting, the process of shooting, employs a 2-D map for
stimulating the 3-D world of video games. Ray casting helps in
increasing processing as the calculations are carried out for the
vertical lines on the screen.
 “Geometry is Not Just a Simple
Science,
Nor the Way of Knowledge.
It is an Intellectual Arrangement.”