Acknowledgement

I would like to express my heartfelt

gratitude to my teacher, for their
invaluable guidance and support
throughout this project. Their expertise
and encouragement motivated me to
push my boundaries and enhance my
skills.
I also extend my thanks to the faculty
of for providing a conducive learning
environment and resources that greatly
contributed to my project's success.
 Table of Contents
-objective of the study.
-Introduction and characteristics of
computer
- Application area of computer.
- History and Generation of computer
-Different types of logic gates.
-Laws of Boolean Algebra.
- Summary
- References
Objectives of the Study
•To know about Booleans
Algebra
•To be clear about computer in
detail.
•To know about logic gates
 Introduction to
Computer
A computer is an electronic device that can
be programmed to accept data (input),
process it and generate result (output). A
computer along with additional hardware
and software together is called a computer
system.
A computer system primarily comprises a
central processing unit (CPU), memory,
input/output devices and storage devices.
All these components function together as
a single unit to deliver the desired output.
A computer system comes in various forms
and sizes. It can vary from a high-end
server to personal desktop, laptop, tablet
computer, or a Smartphone.
In, today digital age, computers play a
crucial role in enhancing productivity,
communication, and access to
information's.
 Characteristics of Computer
• Speed :The calculation in the computer is at very high
speeds. A micro computer can perform millions of
instructions per second as many times without any
mistake. The speed increases, as the power of
computer increases.
• Storage: The computer has main memory and
auxiliary memory. The computer can store a large
amount of data. With more and more auxiliary storage
devices, which are capable of storing huge amounts of
the data.
• Accuracy: The accuracy of a computer is very high
unless the input is given correctly. In most cases, the
error is because of human factor rather that
technology mistake. So if wrong input is given, the
output also will be wrong.
• Automation :A computer is an automatic machine,
capable of functioning automatically once they are
provided appropriate set of instruction and data
provided to the computer. The computer can be
programmed to perform a series of a task involving
multiple programs.
 Application Areas of
Computer
• Education: Nowadays, computer are highly used in
teaching and learning process. Many interesting
graphics can be made and provided for easy learning.
Also, computer provide features of internet which
make learning easy and fun.
• Communication: Computer is massively used in
communication. Communication is done by e-mail,
chat, online conferencing. e-fax etc with help of
internet in computer. It has made the communication
faster, easier and cheaper.
• Business: In business sector, computer are used to
generate invoice, maintain stock and make statistical
analysis. E-commerce is the new and emerging way of
buying and selling goods and service through used of
electronic means and media.
• Engineering and designing: Scientific and engineering
design requires complex and massive computations.
Design of bridges, towers, buildings, generators,
motors, electrical transmission etc requires precise
computation which are done through computers.
• Banking: Today, banking is depends on
computers. Banks provide the following facilities-
Online accounting facility, which includes
checking current balance, making deposit and
overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and
trustee records. Most read ATM machines which
are completely automated are making it even
easier for customers to deal with banks.
• Accounting: Computer are used to maintain
accounts efficiently. Recommended Most read
Computers do inventory management, financial
management and cash management very easily.
In computerized accounting we can easily take the
reports like trail balance, P & L account and
balance sheet.
• Medical: Computers have become an important
part in hospitals, labs, dispensaries. They are
being used in hospitals to keep the record
patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning
and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG,
ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by
computerized machines.
• Space technology: Computers control space
research stations. Computer efficiently of
computer is used in space technology
• Insurance: Insurance companies are
keeping all records up-to-date with the help
of computers. The insurance companies,
finance houses and stock broking firms are
widely using computers for their concerns.
• Entertainment: Computers are widely used
for viewing films and television shows
online, creating Cartoon animation, playing
video games, and using computer
applications for picture and video editing.
• Transport: In railways & Bus services, it is
used for reservation and cancellation of
tickets in an easy manner. By this method
people can book their tickets from
anywhere in the country. Airways and
shipping corporation use computers in their
day- to-day activities.
Generation of Computer
1. First Generation (1940-1956):
They used vacuum tubes as their
basic electronic components used to
control and amplify electronic
signals. They were big in size,
consume more electricity and
generate large amount of heat thus
required air conditioning system to
keep device cool. They were
unreliable and were prone to
frequent hardware failure. They were
normally not used for commercial
purpose. Machine level language was
used to program these computers.
eg: ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC
2. Second generations computer (1959-1964 ):
They used transistors as their basic electronic
components. They were small in size as compared
to first generation thus consume less electricity
and generate less heat. They were less prone to
hardware failure thus more reliable. They were
not also for commercial purpose because
production was difficult and costly. Assembly
language were used to program these computers.
eg: IBM 7000, IBM 1401, IBM 1620, NCR 304,
MARK III, ATLAS
3.Third generations computer ( 1965-1974 ):
They used Integrated Circuits (IC) as their basic
electronic components. They were smaller in size,
consume less electricity and generate less amount
of heat. They were faster and more reliable
compared to first and second generations. They
were widely used for the commercial application
all over the world. High level language were used
to program these computers.
eg: PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900 series, IBM 360, IBM
370
4. Fourth generation computer
(1975-1990)

Fourth generation computers were a significant

advancement in computing technology. They
use VLSI ( Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits )
as their main electronic components. There
size were drastically reduced and hence were
they were much more portable. They were
faster in processing and were much more
reliable. They have larger memory up to GB
and TB. They use different advance high level
language to program this computer.

eg: Apple Macintosh, IBM PC

5. Fifth generation computer
(1990-onwards)
They use ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale
Integrated Circuit) or Microprocessor
as their major electronic
components. They have or will have
artificial intelligence. They have
tremendously high processing unit
due to parallel processing. They are
capable of image processing, speech
or voice recognition. They use
different high level language to
program this computer.
Different Types of Logic Gates
•AND gate: AND Gate is an electronic Circuit which produce high output (1) only when both the inputs are high. The output
is same as the result of basic arithmetic multiplication. This gate may have more than two inputs and produce a single
output. Graphically AND gate is represented as
AND gate is denoted by “ . ” So, output is expressed algebraically as, Z= A
Truth table for AND gate is

•OR Gate: OR Gate is an electronic circuit which produce low output (0), when all the inputs are low (0) and produce high
A B Z=A.B
(1) output for every possible combination of 0 and 1. The output is same as basic binary addition. The gate may have two or
more than two inputs and produce single result.
Graphically OR gate is represented as
Algebraically output of OR Gate is represented as: Z = A+B 0 0 0
A
Truth table of OR Gate is
0 1 0
Z=A.B
B 1 0 0
1 1 1

A B Z=A+B
0 0 0
A 0 1 1
Z=A+B 1 0 1
B
1 1 1
• NOT Gate: NOT Gate is another fundamental gate whose
result is complement of its input. It is also called inverter. It
produces low-0 logic for high-1 input and vice-versa. This
Gate has single input and single output. Graphically NOT
gate is represented as:
Algebraically output of NOT Gate is represented as: Z = A’ for
input A
Truth table of NOT gate is: A A'
0 1
A Z = A’ 1 0

• NAND Gate: NAND gate is a derived gate, derived from

NOT and AND gate. This gate reciprocal the output obtain
from the AND gate. That means it will produce low-0
output when both the inputs are high-1 and produce high-
1 output when any one of the input is low-0.
Graphically NAND gate is represented as:
Algebraically output of NAND Gate is represented as: Z=
(A.B)’
Truth table of NAND Gate is: A B A.B Z = (A.B)'
0 0 0 1
A 0 1 0 1
Z= (A.B)’
B 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
• NOR gate: NOR gate is a derived gate derived from the combination of
OR gate and NOT gate. This gate reciprocal the output obtain from the
OR gate. That means NOR gate will produce high-1 logic when both the
inputs are low-0 and produce low output-0 in all possible combination
of 0 and 1. These gate also may have two or more than two input at a
single output.
Graphically NOR gate is represented as
Algebraically output of NOR gate is represented as: Z=(A+B)’
Truth Table of NOR gate is:

A B A+B Z= (A+B)'

0 0 0 1
A
Z=A+B 0 1 1 0
•
B 1 of0 digital
Exclusive NOR (X-NOR): It is the type 1 electronic
0 circuit will
generates high-1 output when both the inputs are either low-0 or
1 when
high-1. It will give low-0 output only 1 one 1 of the
0 given input is
high-1. These gate also may have two or more the two input.
Graphically X-NOR gate is represented as
Algebraically output of X-NOR gate is represented as: Z= A.B + A’.B’
Truth Table of X-NOR gate:

A B A' B' A.B A'.B' A.B+A'.B'

0 0 1 1 0 0 1
A 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Z=(A B)
B 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 1
• Exclusive OR (X-OR): It is the type of digital
electronic circuit will generates low-0 output when
both the inputs are either low-0 or high-1. It will give
high-1 output only when one of the given input is
high. These gate also may have two or more the two
input.
Graphically X-OR gate is represented as
Algebraically output of X-OR gate is represented as: Z=
A’.B + A.B’
Truth Table of X-ORAgate
B A'is B' A'.B+A.B'
A'.B A.B'
0 0 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0

A
Z=(A B)
B
 Laws of Boolean Algebra

1. Identity Law :
A.1=A
A variable AND'ed with 1 is always equal to the variable
A+O=A
A variable OR'ed with O is always equal to the variable

2. Annulment Law :
A. O=O
A variable AND'ed with O is always equal to O
A+1=1
A variable OR'ed with 1 is always equal to 1
3.Indempotent Law:
A+A=A
A variable OR'ed with itself is always equal to the variable
A.A=A
A variable AND'ed with itself is always equal to the variable
4. Complement Law :
A.A = O
A variable AND'ed with its complement is always equal to
O
A+A=1
A variable OR'ed with its complement is always equal to 1

5. Commutative Law :
A.B=B.A
The order in which two variables are AND'ed makes no
difference
A+B=B+A
The order in which two variables are OR'ed makes no
difference
7. Distributive Law :
Permits the Multiplying or factors of the variable
A(B + C) = A.B + A.C
OR Distributive Law
A+ (B.C) = (A + B).(A + C)
AND Distributive Law
8. De Morgan's Rule or Theorem :
Works Depending on the concept of Duality
Helps in solving the algebraic problems in digital
electronics
(A.B)' = A' + Β'.
The negation of a conjunction is the disjunction of the
negations, which means that the complement of the
product of two variables is equal to the sum of the
compliments of individual variables.
(A + B)' = Α'Β'.
The negation of disjunction is the conjunction of the
negations, which means that compliment of the sum of
two variables is equal to the product of the complement
of each variable.
 Summary
A computer system is an integrated set of hardware and
software components that work together to process data
and perform computations. The main components
include:
• Hardware: The physical components of a computer,
including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Memory
(RAM and storage), Input/output devices (like keyboards,
screens, and printers), and various Peripheral devices.
• Software: Programs and applications that allow the
computer to perform tasks. This includes Operating
Systems (OS) like Windows or Linux, which manage
hardware resources, and Application Software that
allows users to perform specific tasks like word
processing, data analysis, or web browsing.

The computer system operates based on instructions

provided by software, converting data into binary (1s and
0s) and manipulating these values in memory and
through arithmetic/logic operations. This binary-based
operation is where Boolean algebra becomes critical.

Boolean Algebra
Boolean algebra is a mathematical structure that deals with
binary variables and logical operations, which are
foundational in computer science, digital electronics, and
computing.
Boolean algebra uses binary values (0 and 1),representing
False and True, respectively.
Logical Operations:

AND (· or sometimes just AB): True if both inputs are

True.

OR (+): True if at least one input is True.

NOT (¬ or ~): Inverts the value (True becomes False, False

becomes True).

Boolean algebra is essential in logic gates (basic building

blocks of digital circuits), which help computers execute
logical and arithmetic operations. Common gates include
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR, each
performing specific Boolean operations. By simplifying
logic circuits using Boolean algebra, engineers design
efficient and reliable computer systems capable of
Performing complex calculations at high speed.
 Reference

• Online Resources: BYJU'S

Khan Academy

• Physical Resources: Computer Book