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Solid State Physics_lect2

The document provides an overview of bonding in solids, detailing various types of bonds such as ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, along with their characteristics and examples. It also discusses the periodic table's organization and the role of different elements in forming these bonds. Additionally, it includes information on the melting points of various crystal types and the nature of molecular interactions, including van der Waals and hydrogen bonds.

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daminikhorwal118
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2 views

Solid State Physics_lect2

The document provides an overview of bonding in solids, detailing various types of bonds such as ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, along with their characteristics and examples. It also discusses the periodic table's organization and the role of different elements in forming these bonds. Additionally, it includes information on the melting points of various crystal types and the nature of molecular interactions, including van der Waals and hydrogen bonds.

Uploaded by

daminikhorwal118
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Periodic table

IA 0

IIA post- IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA


transition
transition metals metals

IIIB IVB VB VIBVIIB VIIIB IB IIB


Bonding in Solids

repulsive Coulomb interaction


e between ions
e
repulsive Coulomb interaction
between electrons

attractive Coulomb interaction


between ions and electrons
Stable Solids : kinetic energy of electrons
EK  E P  energy of neutral atoms 2
EK ~
2 m ( x ) 2
Molecular (van der Waals) bond
Crystals of “inert” gases of group 0: Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

e Electric field in the visinity


e
2 1
of the second atom : E ~
  4 0 R 3
Induced dipole moment
21
R in the second atom : 2 ~ E 
4 0 R 3

Potential energy between two dipoles :


2
 2  12 C Van-der Waals, London
: V ( R ) ~ - 2 E  E   
2
   or fluctuating dipole
 4 0  R
6
R6
interaction
Molecular (van der Waals) bond
atom1 atom2 electron charge distribution

Electron charge distribution overlaps. Repulsive interaction


B
arises due to Pauli exclusion principle : VRepalsive ( R ) ~ 12
,B0
R
C B V (R )
Lennard - Jones potential : V ( R ) ~ - 6
 12

R R 4
   12  
6
 6
2
4      , 4 C , 4  B 
6 12
 
  R   R   R
 
-1/4  
IONIC bond

Crystals: NaCl, CsCl, CaCl2


cohesive
energy
Na + Cl Na+ Cl- + 7.9eV

Na  5.1eV  Na   free electron


Energy Cl  free electron  Cl   3.6eV
balance Coulomb interaction between Na  and Cl  :
2
e 
V ( R )   5eV , R 2.81 
4 0 R
IONIC bond: Madelung 
constant

q2
Vi V ji  
i j i j 4 0 Rij 
  for like charge 
 R
 for unlike charge

Rij  pij R , where R  nearest

separation in the crystal

then Vi 
q2
A, A 
 A 1
2 
1

1 
 ......  
4 0 R pij R  R 2 R 3R 
i j
2
 ln 2
Madelung constant R
IONIC bond: Madelung
constant
Rij  pij R , where R  nearest
separation in the crystal

then Vi 
q2
A, A 

4 0 R i j pij

NaCl~ 1.75
Madelung constant CsCl~1.76
ZnS (cubic)~1.64

For 2 N ions (  N pairs of ions)


Nq2
V  NVi  A
4 0 R
Covalent bond
Crystals: C, Si, Ge, H
Covalent bond is formed by two electrons, one
from each atom, localised in the region
between the atoms (spins of electrons are
anti-parallel )
Example: Carbon 1S2 2S2 2p2

C C

3D 2D
Diamond: tetrahedron,
cohesive energy 7.3eV
Covalent bond
Hydrogen Methane
molecule molecule
H4
Energy

1S 1S

H atom H atom
H2
molecule C H3

H1 H2
Covalent bond
Atoms in group III, IV,V,&VI tend to form
covalent bond

Filling factor

T. :0.34 F.C.C :0.74


Metallic bond
Atoms in group IA-IIB let electrons to roam in
a crystal. Free electrons glue the crystal
e-
Attract
Attract
Repel Repel
Na+ Na+

Attract
Attract
e-

Additional binding due to interaction of partially filled d – electron shells


takes place in transitional metals: IIIB - VIIIB
The Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond is formed between the most electronegative
atoms: F,O and N. Bonding energy is ~ 0.1ev

Bonding in DNA molecule

F- F- H H H
H+ N N H O C H
C C C
C C
N C H
C N H N
sugar C N
N C
H sugar

adenine thymine
Bonding in Solids
Melting Molecular Metals Ionic Covalent
point crystals crystals crystals
(K)
W(3683) C(<3500)

BN(3270)
3000 Mo(2883)

Pt(2034) SiO2(2001)
2000
Fe(1808)
Si(1683)
Cu(1336) LiF(1143) Ge(1240)
1000 Al(933) KCl(1063)
Pb(600)
organic Na(371)
crystals Hg(234)
0

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