Multiple Medium

Access
in Wireless
Communication
System
Introduction
• As the spectrum is limited, so the sharing is required to
increase the capacity of cell or over a geographical area
by allowing the available bandwidth to be used at the
same time by different users.
• In wireless communication systems it is often desirable to
allow the subscriber to send simultaneously information to
the base station while receiving information from the base
station.
• Radio spectrum for wireless communications is limited
spectrum (300MHz-3GHz).
• There are several different ways to allow access to the
channel. These includes mainly the following:
1) Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
2) Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
3) Code division multiple-access (CDMA)
Duplexing
• Duplexing in wireless communication is a method of
dividing communication channels between two or more
devices so that they can communicate in both
directions.

• There are two main types of duplexing:

• frequency division duplexing (FDD)
• Two simplex channel with different frequency
• time division duplexing (TDD)
• Same channel with different time
Frequency division duplexing
(FDD)
• Divide the frequency
• two bands of frequencies for every user
• forward band or down link BS-Mobile Node
• reverse band or Uplink-Mobile Node -BS
• duplexer needed
• frequency separation between forward band and
reverse band is constant
Band Pass Filter
 Time division duplexing (TDD)

• slots time for forward and reverse link

• multiple users share a single radio channel
• forward time slot
• reverse time slot
• no duplexer is required

reverse channel forward

channel t
time seperation
Time Division Duplexing
Difference between FDD and TDD
Multiple Access Techniques

• Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

• Time division multiple access (TDMA)
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Multiple Access Techniques are divided in grouped as:

narrowband systems
wideband systems
 Groups for Multiple Access
Techniques
Large number of narrowband channels
a communication technique that uses a small frequency
bands use to transmit data. It's used for voice and low-speed
data communication.
FDMA (FDMA/FDD,FDMA/TDD)
TDMA (CDMA/FDD,CDMA/TDD)
Wide band System
a system that uses a wide range of frequencies to
transmit data. Wideband communication can be used in
radio, cable, and satellite systems.
TDMA techniques (TDMA/FDD,TDMA/TDD)
CDMA techniques(CDMA/FDD,CDMA/TDD)
 Frequency division multiple access
(FDMA)

• Assign individual
Frequency to user
• Channel are assigned on
Demand
• During the use or call no
other user can share the
frequency
• Pair of frequency for
forward and reverse link
Logical separation FDMA/FDD

forward channel
user 1
reverse channel

...
f

forward channel
user n
reverse channel

t
Logical separation FDMA/TDD

user 1

forward channel reverse channel

...
f

user n

forward channel reverse channel

t
Time Division Multiple Access
• Each station is assigned a time slot and may only
transmit data during the same time slot.
• Each station should be aware of the beginning and
location of its time slot.
• Synchronization between stations is needed for TDMA.
• It is utilized in digital 2G cellular network systems
like Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), GSM, IS-136, and
iDEN,
• Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
(DECT) standard for mobile phones.
Logical separation TDMA/FDD

forward forward
channel channel

user 1 ... user n f

reverse reverse

channel channel

t
Logical separation TDMA/TDD

user 1 user n

...
forward reverse forward reverse f
channel channel channel channel

t
Advantages
• As cell sizes reduce, TDMA delivers significant
investment dollars in space, support, and base-station
hardware.
• It separates clients based on time guarantees that no
interference from concurrent transmission will occur.
• Support more battery life to the device.
• TDMA may surely adapt to information transmission
and voice correspondence.
Disadvantages
 The user won't be connected to a call if all of the time
slots in the current cell and the cell they are entering
are already taken because they have been allotted a
specific slot.
 In TDMA, frequency/slot allocation will be complicated.
 In TDMA, high data rates needed equalization.
 Network and spectrum planning is a complex and time-
consuming process requiring great expertise and
resources.
 The focus is on organization and range arranging.
Code Division Multiple Access

• It is a combination of FDMA and TDMA in which resources

are allocated based on frequency and time.
• CDMA system takes advantage of both systems by
allowing several users to simultaneously utilize the same
frequency band defined by a unique code.
• These codes are selected in such a way that if the code is
utilized for a second time, the user who knows the code
may identify that specific user among the other users.
• This method may only be applied to a specific number of
users because each user is a source of noise for the
receiver. As a result, it is highly susceptible to noise.
Because as the number of user numbers increases, the
noise also increases. As a result, the system may
collapse.
Advantages
•It has an extremely high spectral capacity to
support many users in MHz of bandwidth.
•There is no need for synchronization.
•CDMA channels are difficult to decode, so they
enhance cellular communication security.
•It offers better secure transmission.
•Dropouts occur only when the user is twice the
distance from the base station.
•Disadvantages
•One of the main issues with the CDMA system is channel
pollution, which occurs when a user's phone has two or
more cell sites, but only one of them is powerful.
•CDMA needed time synchronization.
•As the number of users rises, the CDMA system's
performance decreases.
•It has a high price because of the greater equipment.
Logical separation CDMA/FDD

user 1

forward channel reverse channel

...
code

user n

forward channel reverse channel

f
Logical separation CDMA/TDD

user 1

forward channel reverse channel

...
code

user n

forward channel reverse channel

t
 Number of channels in a FDMA
system

Bt - Bguard
N=
Bc
• N … number of channels
• Bt … total spectrum allocation
• Bguard … guard band
• Bc … channel bandwidth
 Example: Advanced Mobile Phone
System
• AMPS
• FDMA/FDD
• analog cellular system
• 12.5 MHz per simplex band - Bt
• Bguard = 10 kHz ; Bc = 30 kHz

12.5E6 -
N= = 416
30
2*(10 E3)
E
channels
3
 Time Division Multiple Access
• time slots
• one user per slot
• buffer and burst method
• noncontinuous transmission
• digital data
• digital modulation
Repeating Frame Structure
One TDMA Frame

Preamble Information Message Trail Bits

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 … Slot N

Trail Bits Sync. Bits Information Data Guard Bits

The frame is cyclically repeated over time.

 Number of channels in a TDMA
system

m*(Btot -
N=
Bc
2*Bguard)
• N … number of channels
• m … number of TDMA users per radio channel
• Btot … total spectrum allocation
• Bguard … Guard Band
• Bc … channel bandwidth
Example: Global System for Mobile
(GSM)
• TDMA/FDD
• forward link at Btot = 25 MHz
• radio channels of Bc = 200 kHz
• if m = 8 speech channels supported, and
• if no guard band is assumed :

N= 8*25E = 1000 simultaneous

6200E users
3
Efficiency of TDMA
• percentage of transmitted data that contain
information
• frame efficiency f
• usually end user efficiency < f ,
• because of source and channel coding
• How get f ?
Efficiency of TDMA

bOH = Nr*br + Nt*bp + Nt*bg + Nr*bg

• bOH … number of overhead bits
• Nr … number of reference bursts per frame
• br … reference bits per reference burst
• Nt … number of traffic bursts per frame
• bp … overhead bits per preamble in each slot
• bg … equivalent bits in each guard time intervall
Efficiency of TDMA

bT = Tf * R

• bT … total number of bits per frame

• Tf … frame duration
• R … channel bit rate