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Information and communication

The document provides an introduction to Information and Communication Technology, focusing on the TCP/IP protocol, IP addressing, DHCP, DNS, and VPNs. It explains the structure and functions of the TCP/IP model, the role of IP addresses, and how DHCP dynamically assigns addresses. Additionally, it covers the importance of DNS in translating domain names to IP addresses and the function of VPNs in securing data transmission over public networks.

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greeninsaf
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2 views

Information and communication

The document provides an introduction to Information and Communication Technology, focusing on the TCP/IP protocol, IP addressing, DHCP, DNS, and VPNs. It explains the structure and functions of the TCP/IP model, the role of IP addresses, and how DHCP dynamically assigns addresses. Additionally, it covers the importance of DNS in translating domain names to IP addresses and the function of VPNs in securing data transmission over public networks.

Uploaded by

greeninsaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intro To Information

and Communication
Technology
The Internet
Topics Covered
• The TCP/IP Protocol
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• Private IP Addresses and Network Address Translation
• The Domain Name System
• Virtual Private Network
TCP/IP
Protocol
Original Updated OSI

Application
Application Application Presentation
Session
Transport Transport Transport

Internet Network Network

Data Link Data Link


Link
Physical Physical
TCP/IP Protocol
TCP/IP

HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP3


Application

TCP, UDP, Port Numbers Transport


IP, Routers Network
MAC Addresses, Ethernet, Switches Data Link
Cables, NIC, Hubs Physical
TCP/IP Protocol
Sender Receiver

Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical
TCP/IP Protocol
TCP/IP

Data Data
Application

Segment TCP Data


Transport
Packet IP TCP Data
Network

Ethernet IP TCP Data Ethernet Data Link


Frame
Physical
IP Addresses
• Network layer is responsible for IP
addresses
• An IP address is a unique identifier
assigned to each device connected to a
computer network
• Act like postal service
IP Addresses
IP Addresses
• IP address has two parts
• The first part represents the Network
• The second part represent the Host
• Subnet Masks are used to identify/separate the Network and Host
addresses
IP Addresses
IP Addresses
Classes of IP Addresses
IP Addresses
• Private IP addresses must be unique within network
• Can not be used over internet
• To find your IP address, type ipconfig in command prompt
Port Number
• Transport layer is responsible for choosing port numbers
• A server/house might be running many services like, web/http, mail/SMPT, file/ftp
or any other service that you might want to send data
• How the server will determine which application to send your request/data?
• Run netstat –n command in command prompt to check your network connection
and ports currently in use
Port Number
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• Every computer on computer network has to have and IP address


• Two ways that a computer can be assigned an IP address
• Static IP
• Manual
• Difficult
• Problematic
• Dynamic
• Automatically assigned by DHCP server
• Also configure/assign Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS
• IP addresses for special devices can be reserved
• Assign unique IP addresses to hosts
• DHCP service can run on router or on a specific server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)
DHCPDiscover: Looks for DHCP server
DHCPOffer: The DHCP server offer an offer
DHCPRequest: The host request to lease the address
DHCPACK: DHCP server sends the IP address to the host for a leased
time

UDP Ports
Client: 68
Server: 67
Domain Name System (DNS)
• The world is full of web servers
• Almost 2 billion websites exists
• Web servers use IP addresses
• But humans are good in remembering domain names
• We need a translator which can take domain name from us and
translate it into IP address
Domain Name System (DNS)
• A Root server is at the top of DNS hierarchy.
• There are only 13 Root servers
• Job of Root server is to Provide details of TLD servers
• A Top Level Domain (TLD) server contains information for domains
with the specific extensions such as .com, .org., .net etc.
• Authoritative name server holds DNS record information for the
domain they serve. They are usually the last step in the DNS process
providing the answer requested.
• Recursive vs. Iterative
• Uses UDP protocol
Domain Name System (DNS)
Domain Name System (DNS)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Its job is to ensure the safe delivery of data across public networks
• By doing this its allows the user to send data as if they were directly
connected to that private network
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• The VPN act like a tunnel.
• The data is encrypted before it passes through the internet
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• It connects an entire site to another entire site
• It is always active
• Needs to be configured on both networks
• Configured on routers/firewalls of both sites
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• A Remote Access VPN grants access to the cooperate network but only for one device
• Not always active. Requires an application on the host to connect back to the
cooperate network
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Remote Access VPN

Full Tunnel Split Tunnel


Transport Layer
• Responsible for End-to-End or Port-to-Port delivery
• Data stream to data segments
• Reliable communication
• Congestion/Flow control
• Multiplexing
Network Layer
• Responsible for Host-to-Host or Source-to-Destination delivery
• Routing, shortest path
• Fragmentation
Data Link Layer
• Responsible for Node-to-Node or Hop-to-Hop delivery
• Can work within network
• Flow control
• Error control (CRC)
• Access Control (CSMA/CD)
• MAC address
Physical Layer
• Last layer of Sender and First Layer of Receiver
• Cables and connectors
• Hardware (Repeaters, Hubs)
• Multiplexing
• Encoding

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