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Classical and Operant Conditioning

The document provides an overview of key learning theories, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive approaches. It details the processes and experiments associated with each theory, highlighting concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, observational learning, and cognitive behavioral theory. Additionally, it discusses practical applications and benefits of these learning theories in various settings.

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sameeramajid234
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4 views

Classical and Operant Conditioning

The document provides an overview of key learning theories, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive approaches. It details the processes and experiments associated with each theory, highlighting concepts such as reinforcement, punishment, observational learning, and cognitive behavioral theory. Additionally, it discusses practical applications and benefits of these learning theories in various settings.

Uploaded by

sameeramajid234
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding Learning:

assical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Cognitive Approache

An Overview of Key Learning Theories


•Definition of Learning

• Process of acquiring new knowledge,


behaviors, attitudes, and ideas

• Can occur unconsciously or consciously


Classical Conditioning Overview

•Definition
• Learning process where an automatic response
becomes associated with a specific stimulus
Pavlov's Experiment

•Background
• Initial observation: Dogs salivated at the sound of a
food cart

•Experiment Setup
• Ringing a bell before presenting food
• Observed that dogs salivated to the bell alone
Key Concepts of Classical Conditioning

•Unconditioned Stimulus (US)


• Stimulus that naturally triggers a response (e.g., food)
•Unconditioned Response (UR)
• Natural response to the unconditioned stimulus (e.g.,
salivation)
•Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
• Initially neutral stimulus that triggers a response after
association (e.g., bell)
•Conditioned Response (CR)
• Learned response to the conditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation
to the bell)
Classical Conditioning Phenomena

•Acquisition
• Rate of learning depends on the noticeability of the
stimulus and timing
•Extinction
• Conditioned response weakens if CS is presented without
US
•Spontaneous Recovery
• CR reappears after a period of rest
•Stimulus Generalization
• Responding to similar stimuli (e.g., other ringing sounds)
•Stimulus Discrimination
• Differentiating between similar stimuli and responding
Operant Conditioning Overview

•Definition
• Learning process where behavior is influenced
by consequences
Skinner’s Experiment

•Example
• Lab rats pressing a lever for food (positive
reinforcement) or avoiding shock (negative
reinforcement)
Key Concepts of Operant Conditioning

•Reinforcement
• Increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
• Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus (e.g., praise)
• Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus (e.g., pain
relief)

•Punishment
• Decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
• Positive Punishment: Adding a stimulus (e.g., fine)
• Negative Punishment: Removing a stimulus (e.g., privileges
Everyday Applications of Operant Conditioning

•Natural Settings
• Real-world examples of reinforcement and
punishment

•Structured Settings
• Examples in classrooms and therapy sessions
Cognitive Approaches to Learning

•Definition
• Emphasis on internal mental processes:
thinking, problem-solving, memory
Key Concepts of Cognitive Learning

•Insight Learning
• Sudden realization of a solution

•Observational Learning
• Learning by observing others (e.g.,
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment)
Social Cognitive Theory

•Definition: Theory focusing on how people learn from


observing others and how they influence their
environment.

•Major Components:
• Observational Learning: Learning behaviors by
watching others.
• Models: Real (teachers, peers, supervisors) and
Symbolic (fictional characters).
Observational Learning

•Definition: Learning through observing others’ actions and


outcomes.
•Process:
• Attention: Noticing the model’s behavior.
• Retention: Remembering what was observed.
• Reproduction: Reproducing the observed behavior.
• Motivation: Deciding whether to act based on observed
rewards or punishments.
Examples of Observational Learning

Examples
•Positive Example: A manager teaching ethical
behavior and customer interaction techniques.
•Negative Example: Employees mimicking
unethical behaviors observed in colleagues.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory

•Definition: Theory examining the interplay between


thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

•Core Idea: Thoughts influence emotions and behaviors;


changing one can affect the others.
Interaction of Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors

Title: Interaction Process


•Thoughts → Emotions: Thoughts lead to specific
emotional responses.
•Emotions → Behaviors: Emotions lead to behavioral
actions.
•Behavioral Changes: Changing behavior can alter
emotions and thoughts.
Example of CBT in Practice

•Scenario: Developer faced with a challenging task.


• Initial Thought: “This is too difficult for me.”
• Emotion: Anxiety, discouragement.
• Behavior: Poor performance.

•CBT Approach: Reframe thoughts to “I can handle


this with effort,” leading to improved emotions and
better performance.
Comparison of SCT and CBT

•Focus:
• SCT: Learning through observation and modeling.
• CBT: Internal cognitive processes and their impact
on emotions and behavior.
•Application:
• SCT: Learning new behaviors, role modeling.
• CBT: Changing thought patterns to influence
behavior and emotions.
Practical Applications

•SCT: Training and mentoring, media influence, role


modeling.

•CBT: Therapy for anxiety, depression, stress


management, and personal development.
Benefits of cognitive learning

1. Enhances learning

2. Boosts confidence

3. Enhances comprehension
4. Improves problem-solving skills
5. Help learn new things faster
6. Teaches to form concept formation (think abstract)

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