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Columns

The document discusses the characteristics and behavior of columns under axial compression, including the effects of slenderness ratio and lateral deflection. It outlines Euler's formula for long columns and J.B. Johnson's formula for short columns, along with examples for calculating maximum loads. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of considering factors such as effective length and radius of gyration in structural design.

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Yvette Romero
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

Columns

The document discusses the characteristics and behavior of columns under axial compression, including the effects of slenderness ratio and lateral deflection. It outlines Euler's formula for long columns and J.B. Johnson's formula for short columns, along with examples for calculating maximum loads. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of considering factors such as effective length and radius of gyration in structural design.

Uploaded by

Yvette Romero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COLUMNS

• A column or strut is a bar or structural member under axial


compression, which has an unbraced length greater than about eight
or ten times the least dimension of its cross section
• Because of its length, it is impossible to hold a column in a straight
line under a load. A sidewise bending always occurs, causing flexural
stresses in addition to the compressive stresses induced directly by
the load
The lateral deflection will be in a direction perpendicular to that axis of the cross
section about which the moment of inertia is the least.
Most of the time, it will bend in a direction perpendicular to its major axis
Slenderness Ratio

Where:

SR= Slenderness Ratio


= Effective Length
k= radius of gyration
Effective Length()

ENDS K C
Pinned 1 1
Fixed and Free 2 0.25
Fixed 0.5 4
Pinned and Fixed 0.707 2

= End coefficient
Radius of Gyration

𝑟
Radius of Gyration

h
𝑏
PICK THE LOWER
Euler’s Formula (Long columns)
2
𝜋 𝐸𝐴
𝐹 𝑐=
( )
2
𝐿𝑒
𝑘

Where: Note:
Observe that stress is not involved in the failure of a very
=critical load  the load that causes the column slender column.
to be on the point of buckling If we are to be certain that failure does not occur, the
= modulus of elasticity actual load F on a column must be less that

A typical design factor for Euler’s structural column is 3.5


• If the column remains straight and if the load F is concurrent with the
centroidal axis of A, the average stress on a section of the column is

And that local buckling at some point where the stress is considerably
lower than is what will lead to failure
Short Column (

For columns of less slender proportions, the maximum stress may reach
the yield point before sideways bowing occurs. Failure is a result of
plastic instability.

J.B. Johnson Formula

[ ]
𝐿𝑒 2
𝑆𝑦 ( )
𝑘
𝐹 𝑐= 𝑆 𝑦 𝐴 1− 2
4 𝜋 𝐸
[ ]
2
𝐿𝑒
𝑆𝑦 ( )
𝐹 𝑐 = 𝐹𝑁

𝑘
𝐹 𝑐 =𝑆 𝑦 𝐴 1 −
Where:
𝑆𝑦 = equivalent stress that indicates the degre
𝑆 𝑒= of safety for the load F
𝑁

2
4𝜋 𝐸
Straight Line Formula
𝐿
𝑆=𝑎 −𝑏 ( ) = constant
𝑘

𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒
30< < 120 30< < 70
For structural steel 𝑘 Cast-iron columns 𝑘

𝐹
𝐴
= 16,000− 70
𝐿
𝑘 [ ] 𝐹
𝐴
= 90,000 − 40
𝐿
𝑘 [ ]
Transition point between long and short
column

1
Le  2 E  2 2
TP   
k  Sy 
For Structural Steel
Compression Formula

J.B. Johnson Formula

(Short Columns)

Euler’s Formula
(Long Columns)
Example
1. A steel piston rod in hydraulic cylinder is 1 in. in diameter and 2ft
length. Assume E=. Using Euler’s Equation, find the slenderness ratio
and the maximum load that the rod can take in compression.
Example
2. A rectangular steel bar 40 inches long 2 inches x 3 inches in cross
section is loaded axially at its ends. Given the yield point of the material
to be 50 ksi, calculate the safe axial load if the factor of safety is 3.
Note: Use J.B. Johnson formula with C=1.

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