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Calcutta Institute of Technology: Department of Computer Science and Engineering

The document discusses network protocols, defining them as rules for communication between devices, and categorizes them according to the OSI model's seven layers. Each layer, from Physical to Application, includes specific protocols like Ethernet, IP, TCP, and HTTP, which serve various functions in network communication. The conclusion emphasizes the OSI model's role in understanding how these protocols enable effective communication in computing systems.

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6 views7 pages

Calcutta Institute of Technology: Department of Computer Science and Engineering

The document discusses network protocols, defining them as rules for communication between devices, and categorizes them according to the OSI model's seven layers. Each layer, from Physical to Application, includes specific protocols like Ethernet, IP, TCP, and HTTP, which serve various functions in network communication. The conclusion emphasizes the OSI model's role in understanding how these protocols enable effective communication in computing systems.

Uploaded by

dharanimahata363
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CALCUTTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

NAME : DHARANI MAHATA


ROLL : 17700122070
REG : 221770120185

SUBJECT CODE/ NAME:PCC-CS602, COMPUTER NETWORKS


Topic: What is protocol? Explain different types of protocols in
OSI Model

YEAR/SEM : III/VI BATCH : 2022 -2025


INTRODUCTION
A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication
between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all
generally use packet switching techniques to send and receive
messages in the form of packets. Network protocols include
mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each
other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into
messages sent and received. Some protocols also support message
acknowledgement and data compression designed for reliable and/or
high-performance network communication. Hundreds of different
computer network protocols have been developed each designed for
specific purposes and environments.
Physical Layer (Layer 1):

1. Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): A widely used LAN technology that defines the hardware
characteristics, such as cables and connectors, for wired communication between
devices.
2. USB (Universal Serial Bus): A protocol and hardware interface standard used for
connecting various devices to a computer, such as keyboards, mice, and printers.
1.Data Link Layer (Layer 2):

1. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): Used for establishing a direct connection between


two nodes. Commonly used in dial-up connections and some types of WANs.
2. HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control): A bit-oriented protocol for communication
over point-to-point and multipoint links. Often used in WAN connections.
3. IEEE 802.1Q (Virtual LANs): Specifies a protocol for creating and managing VLANs
(Virtual LANs) to enhance network performance and security.
4. IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet): Defines the framing and addressing used in Ethernet
networks.
Network Layer (Layer 3):

1. IP (Internet Protocol): A fundamental protocol for routing packets across networks.


Versions include IPv4 and IPv6.
2. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Used for error reporting and diagnostics
in IP networks.
3. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A routing protocol that calculates the shortest path
for routing data across a network.
4. RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A simple routing protocol that uses distance
vector algorithms.
5. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): A protocol used to exchange routing and
reachability information between autonomous systems on the Internet.
1.Transport Layer (Layer 4):

1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Provides reliable, connection-oriented


communication. It ensures data integrity through error checking and flow control.
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Offers connectionless, unreliable communication. It
is faster than TCP but does not guarantee data delivery or order.
Session Layer (Layer 5):

1. This layer manages sessions, but specific widely-used protocols are


not defined at this layer. Functions such as session establishment,
maintenance, and termination are typically implemented by the
application layer.
Presentation Layer (Layer 6):

2. SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security):


Protocols that provide secure communication over a computer
network. They ensure data encryption and authentication.
3. MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions): Defines the format
of email messages and supports the exchange of different types of
data files on the Internet.
Application Layer (Layer 7):

•HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring


hypertext documents on the World Wide Web.
•FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Enables the transfer of files
between computers on a network.
•SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Handles the
sending of emails.
•POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) and IMAP
(Internet Message Access Protocol): Used for retrieving
emails from a mail server.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the OSI (Open
Systems Interconnection) model
provides a conceptual framework for
understanding the functions of a
telecommunication or computing
system by dividing the
communication process into seven
layers. Each layer is associated with
specific protocols that facilitate
communication between devices at
that layer

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