8.

FORMWORK AND SCAFFOLDING

4HOURS
8.FORMWORK AND SCAFFOLDING
• CONSTRUCTION OF FORMWORK
• BEAM AND SLAB
• COLUMN
• STAIR
• WALL
 characteristics of Good Formwork
The characteristics of good Formwork are:
• Should be strong enough to withstand all types of
dead and live loads.
• Should he rigidly constructed and efficiently
propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape.
• Joints of form work should betight against
leakage of cement grout.
 8.1 Characteristics of Good Formwork
• Formwork or shuttering is a temporary construction
used as a mold for the structures in which concrete is
placed, hardens and matured.
• Should he cheap and easily available.
• Should be suitable for reuse.
• Should he set accurately to the desired line and level.
• Should have plane surface.
• . Should not get distorted when exposed to
the environment.
• Should he cheap and easily available.
• Should be suitable for reuse.
• Should he set accurately to the desired line
and level.
• Should have plane surface.
• Should not get distorted when exposed to the
environment.
 8.2 Materials for Formwork
• Materials used for formwork are as follows:
• wood
• Ply wood
• Aluminum
• Steel
• Plastics
8.2.1Requirements of timber formwork
• Should be well seasoned
• Should be light in weight
• Easily workable with nails without splitting
• Should be free from loose knots.
• Should be free from insects bite.
• Should not be rotten
 8.2.2Plywood formwork
• Plywood formwork are available on different
sizes like 4ft,8ft.
• The use of plywood formwork in concrete
works improve the quality of Finished concrete.
• Plywood is a manufactured wood product
 8.2.3A Steel Formwork
• The initial cost of steel formwork is more than timber
formwork but the number of reuses of steel formwork is
higher than that of timber.
• In long run steel formwork can be economical.
• Steel sheet formwork has the problem of rusting also.
• To avoid rusting, in every use the surfaces should be
oiled with an appropriate releasing agent.
 8.3 Construction of Formwork

• Formwork for RCC Construction

• The formwork or shuttering is a temporary
construction used as a mould for the structure
in which concrete is placed and in which it
hardens and matures.
• formwork for Column
• Consists of side and end planks, nut bolts. Two
end and two side planks are joined by the
bolts.
• formwork for staircase
• Consists of vertical and inclined posts, inclined
member, wooden planks, or sheeting stringer.
Formwork for column
Formwork for staircase
Formwork for wall
 Formwork for Wall

• Wall formwork consists of:

• Timber sheeting.
• Vertical posts.
• Horizontal members.
• Rakers.
• Stakes.
• Wedges.
• After completing one side of formwork, reinforcement
is provided at the place then the second side formwork
is provided.
Formwork for wall
• Causes of Formwork Failure
• The main causes of form work failure are:
• Improper stripping and shore removal.
• Inadequate bracing.
• Vibration.
• Inadequate control of concrete placement.
• Lack of attention to formwork details.
 8.4 Order and Method of Removing
Formwork
• Order and method of removing formwork are:
• The vertical faces of walls, beams and column
sides should he removed first as they bear no
load but only retain the concrete.
• Soffits under the sides of slabs should be
removed next.
• Soffit undersides of beams, or other heavily
loaded shuttering should be removed at the
end.
• Types of Shoring
• A)Raking shoring (sloped shore)
• B)Dead shoring (vertical shore)
• C)Flying shoring. ( horizontal shore)
• A. Raking Shoring
• Provide inclined support to unsafe wall.
• Consists of wall plates, Rakers, bracing, cleat.
needle, iron hook.
• Transfer loads to the ground by means of
inclined members.
Flying or horizontal shore
FIG
 Procedure
• Wall plate about 20 to 25cm wide and 5 to 7.5Cm
thick is placed vertically along the face of the wall
to be supported.
Wall plate is supported by needles of 7.5 to 1 0 cm
section and strengthens by mean of cleats which
are nailed directly to the nail plate.
Rakers are fixed against inclined sole plate
embedded into the ground and the needles and
braced to prevent their buckling.
 While shoring, Rakers should be inclined From 45 to 75
degree.
DEAD SHORING
Dead shore
• Dead shoring
• Vertical members are used to support dead
load
• Used in vertical walls, floors, roofs when the
lower parts of the building has to be removed
or strengthen .
 Flying shoring

• Fig

• horizontal members are used to support loads

• Provided clear working distance under the shoring
Raking shore
RACKING SHORE
Raking shore in site
Flying shore
Under pining
 Under pining
• technique used to stabilize or strengthen a
wall that is experiencing issues such as cracks,
bowing, or instability.
• Underpinning a wall involves reinforcing the
foundation or base of the wall to provide
additional support and prevent further
damage.
• Here are a few common methods of underpinning used for
walls:
• Underpinning with Reinforced Concrete:
• This method involves excavating the soil just below the wall and
constructing a reinforced concrete foundation below the existing
foundation. The new concrete foundation provides increased stability and
support to the wall.
• Micro piles or Helical Piers:
• These techniques involve installing small-diameter piles or piers beneath
the wall, extending down to a stable soil layer. The piles are typically made
of steel or concrete and are drilled or screwed into the ground.
• Jet Grouting: Jet grouting is a method that involves injecting high-pressure
cement grout into the soil beneath the wall.
• It provide additional support to the wall.
• The choice of underpinning method depends on factors such as the
specific wall condition, soil conditions, available space, and structural
requirements
 8.5 types of scaffolding and their uses
• Scaffolding is a temporary framework of timber or steel having platforms at
different levels to enable masons to sit and carry on construction work at
different height of building.
• When the height of wall, column, or other structural member of a building
exceeds 1.5m scaffolding is needed to sit masons and place construction
material.
• Scaffolding provides a temporary safe working platform for:
• erection.
• maintenance.
• construction.
• repair.
• access.
• inspection. etc.
 Parts of Scaffolding

• Standards:
• These are the vertical member of the frame work. supported on
the ground or embedded into the around.

• Ledgers:
• These are horizontal members running parallel to the walls.
• Braces:
• These are diagonal members running or fixed on standard to
provide stiffness scaffolding.
• Put Logs:
• These arc transverse members, placed at right angle to the wall
one supported on ledgers and other end on the wall.
• Boarding:
• These are horizontal platform to support
workmen and material
• These are supported on the put log.
• Transoms: these are putlogs whose both ends are
supported on ledgers.

• Guard Rail: This is a rail provided like a ledger at

the working level.
• Toe Board: 'These are boards, placed parallel to
ledgers. supported On put logs to give
protection at the level of working platform.
 Types of Scaffolding

1. Single scaffolding, or brick layers

scaffolding
2. Double scaffolding or masons
scaffolding
3. Steel scaffolding
4. Needle or cantilever scaffolding
5. Trestle scaffolding
6. Suspended scaffolding
 1.Single or Brick Layers Scaffolding
• It consists of a single frame work of standards,
ledgers, and put logs, etc.
• Standards are placed at a distance of about
1.2 m From the wall at 2 to 2.5m interval.
• Ledgers connect the standards at a vertical
interval of 1.2 to 1 .5m
• Put logs are placed with one end on the
ledgers and other end in the hole left in the
wall at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5m.
• Widely used for brick masonry wall.
Single scaffolding
 .Double Scaffolding
• In stone masonry, it is very difficult to provide holes in the
wall to support put logs, In this situation double scaffolding, is
used comprising of two rows of standards.
• First row is placed at 20 to 30 cm away from the wall and next
row at a distance of 1m from first row.
• Two rows are secured by ledges.
• Transoms are then placed on the ledgers.
• Cross braces are provided to make scaffolding more strong
and durable.
• Widely used for stone masonry work.
DOUBLE SHORING
 3.Steel Scaffolding

• Steel scaffolding is similar to the masons scaffolding except

that the steel tubes are used in place of wooden members.
• Standards are spaced about 3m apart and connected with
the help of steel tube ledges ;if a vertical interval of about
1.8m.
• Steel or tubular scaffolding consists of:
• steel tubes of 1.5 to 2.5 inch diameter.
• coupler or clamps to hold pipe in different positions.
• prop nuts to hold single pipe.
• bolts, nuts and washers.
• Advantages of steel scaffolding:
• Can be used for very large height.
• Higher fire resistance
• Disadvantages of steel scaffolding:
• High initial cost
• Require skilled labor.
• Require periodical painting
THANK YOU
 Questions

1. Define shoring. Describe various types of shoring with necessary sketches.

2. Why temporary structures are used in building construction? Describe flying

shoring with neat sketches.

3. Why shoring is required? Describe different types of shoring with illustration.

4. Mention the types of temporary construction. Explain when and which

condition each one may be used.
5. What is timbering of trench? Explain the method of timbering with sketches.
Why are scaffolding required? Compare the types of scaffoldings.

6. What are the temporary structures used in building construction?

Differentiate between brick layer's scaffolding and mason's scaffolding.
7. What is formwork? Explain why formwork is needed in building construction