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Yield Line Method of Analysis

The document discusses Yield Line Analysis of slabs in reinforced concrete structures, focusing on design principles, methods, and advantages. It outlines the yield line theory, which is used for analyzing irregularly shaped slabs and includes methods such as the Equilibrium and Virtual Work methods. The document also covers design procedures and rules for yield line patterns, emphasizing the economic and practical benefits of using yield line design in construction.

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3 views

Yield Line Method of Analysis

The document discusses Yield Line Analysis of slabs in reinforced concrete structures, focusing on design principles, methods, and advantages. It outlines the yield line theory, which is used for analyzing irregularly shaped slabs and includes methods such as the Equilibrium and Virtual Work methods. The document also covers design procedures and rules for yield line patterns, emphasizing the economic and practical benefits of using yield line design in construction.

Uploaded by

tes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Lecture II

Yield line Analysis of


Slabs

Tesfamikiel Sbhatu

Aksum University
Institute of Water Technology
Department of Hydraulic and Water Resource
Engineering

Triangular shaped slab building


Outline
 Introduction
 Yield Line Design
 Rules for yield line patterns
 Methods of Yield Line Analysis
• Equilibrium method
• Virtual work method
 Design procedure
Introduction
 Rectangular one way or two way slabs can be
analyzed and designed using coefficients obtained
from Tables published for this purpose
 For irregular shapes, varied support conditions,
presence of openings, varied loading and for more
complex conditions, the yield line theory is found
useful.

An irregular flat slab….


What is Yield Line Design?
 A yield line is a crack in a reinforced concrete slab
across which the reinforcing bars have yielded and
along which plastic rotation occurs

 The yield line theory is an ultimate load method


of analysis of slab, i.e. the BM at the verge of collapse is
used as the basis for design

 Yield Line Design uses Yield Line Theory in


designing reinforced concrete slabs, and similar
types of elements
 Initially, at service load, the response of the slab is
elastic with the maximum steel stress and, it is
possible that some hairline cracking will occur on the
soffit
 Increasing the load hastens the formation of these
hairline cracks

 Increasing the load further will increase the size of


the cracks further and induce yielding of the
reinforcement, initiating the formation of large
cracks emanating from the point of maximum
deflection

 On increasing the load yet further, these cracks


migrate to the free edges of the slab at which time
all the tensile reinforcement passing through a
yield line yields
The formation of a mechanism in a simply supported two-
way slab with the bottom steel having yielded along the yield
lines
Advantages of Yield Line Design
 Yield Line Design has the advantages of:
a) Economy
b) Simplicity and
c) Versatility
 The resulting slabs are thin and have very low
amounts of reinforcement in very regular
arrangements.
 The reinforcement is therefore easy to detail and
easy to fix and the slabs are very quick to construct.
 Above all, Yield Line Design generates very economic
concrete slabs, because it considers features at the
ultimate limit state.
Drawing
notation
Rules for yield line patterns
1. Yield lines are straight
2. Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of support and
pass along side any columns
3. Yield lines must end at a slab boundary
4. Yield lines between adjacent rigid regions must pass through
the point of intersection of the axes of rotation of those
regions
5. Continuous supports repel and a simple supports attract
yield lines

Invalid
patter
n
Valid
patterns
Yield Line is an upper bound
theory
Definition
Isotropy
 An isotropic slab is one with the same amount of
bottom reinforcement both ways
 Moment capacities in the two directions are equal,
i.e. Mx = My by assuming effective depths are equal
at the interface of the two layers
Orthotropy
 Orthotropic slabs have different amounts of reinforcement
in the two directions. i.e. the ultimate moment per unit
length of the slab is different in the two orthogonal
directions.
 Moment capacity in stronger and weak direction is assumed
to have the, m, and μm. The value of μ is usually based on
the relative amounts of reinforcement the designer wishes
to use in the two directions.
Methods of Yield Line Analysis
 Two methods of analysis to predict the ultimate load
capacity of reinforced concrete slabs:
1) Equilibrium method and
2) Virtual work method
 In either method, a YL pattern is assumed so that a
collapse mechanism is produced
f r ee edge yi eld li nes
yi eld li nes

suppor ted on thr ee si des

(a) (b)
Virtual Work Method (Energy Method)
 The basis of the Work Method is simply that at
failure the potential energy expended by loads
moving must equal the energy dissipated (or work
done) in yield lines rotating
Virtual Work Method (Energy Method)
Skewed Yield lines
General simplification on Skewed
Yield lines
 Maximum deflection δmax, is assigned the value of
unity i.e. δmax = 1.
 When Calculating the Expended external energy, E,
the Values of L1/L2 when dealing with uniformly
distributed loads:
1/2 for all rectangular
regions
1/3 for all triangular
regions with apex at
point of max.
deflection
2/3 for all triangular
regions with apex on
the axis of rotation
General simplification on Skewed
Yield lines
 When calculating the Expended external energy, E, a
factor of 1/L2 is used to determine θi,
Θi is the rotation of the region about its axis of
rotation
L2 as before, is the distance normal from the axis
of rotation (or supported edge) to the location of
δmax of that region. This distance can vary for
each region.
Design procedure
 When applying the Work Method the calculations for
the expenditure of external loads and the
dissipation of energy within the yield lines are
carried out independently

 The results are then made equal to each other and


from the resulting equation the unknown, be it the
ultimate moment ‘mu’ generated in the yield lines
or the ultimate failure load ‘wu’ of the slab,
evaluated.
Virtual Work Method (Energy Method)
 Demonstration Example
wu

1 2

X L-X

wu wu
m2
m1 m3
m2
X L-X
Virtual Work Method (Energy Method)
Virtual Work Method (Energy Method)
Virtual Work Method (Energy Method)
Common failure patterns
The
End

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