Chapter 2: Sentence

 Elements
 Varieties
 Patterns
 Types
 Faults
KT
by Kha Thoem
What is a Sentence?

Definition

Group of words
expressing a complete
thought

Importance
Basis of communication,
conveys meaning
effectively
I. Sentence Elements

Subject
1 Person, place, thing,
or idea performing
action

Predicate
2 Tells what the subject does

Complement
3 Completes the meaning
of the sentence
Element Examples
Subject
The teacher is explaining the lesson.
She became a doctor.
The sky looks beautiful.

Predicate
The teacher is explaining the lesson.
She became a doctor.
The sky looks beautiful.

Complement
The teacher is explaining the lesson.
She became a doctor.
The sky looks beautiful.
Sentence Element Quiz
Subject Quiz Predicate Quiz Complement Quiz
The dog barked She is running fast. He became a
loudly. doctor.
II. Sentence Varieties

Simple Sentence
1 One independent clause

Compound Sentence
2
Two + independent clauses

Complex Sentence
3
Independent + dependent clause(s)

Compound-Complex Sentence
4 Two + independent + dependent c
Variety Examples
1 Simple
"She reads a comic book."

2 Compound
"She reads a book, and he writes

3 Complex
"Although she reads a novel, he writes.

4 Compound-Complex
"Although she reads a book, he writes a
and they both learn."
 Some examples

•The sun sets.

• She runs every morning.
Simple Sentence • I enjoy reading books.
• They are playing football.
• He smiled at me.

Compound Sentence
•I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining.
•She loves playing the piano, and he enjoys singing.
•The movie was long, yet it was very entertaining.
•He studied hard for the test, so he passed with flying colors.
•I like coffee, and my friend prefers tea.
 Some examples
Complex Sentence
• Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.
• She finished her homework before she went to bed.
• I will call you when I arrive at the airport.
• Because he studied hard, he passed the exam with ease.
• Even though the cake looked delicious, I didn’t eat any.

Complex Sentence
• Although it was raining, we went to the park, and we played soccer.
• She finished her project before the deadline, but she still felt anxious about the results.
• After the meeting ended, I went for a walk, and my colleague called me to discuss the agenda.
• Because he studied so hard, he passed the test, and he celebrated with his friends.
• Even though the concert was delayed, the audience stayed excited, and the performance was fantastic.
Sentence quizzes
1. Which of the following sentences is complex?
a) I enjoy reading books and watching movies.
b) She went to the store, but she forgot to buy milk.
c) After the meeting ended, we went for lunch.
d) I will clean the house later.
Answer: c) After the meeting ended, we went for lunch.

2. Which of the following is a compound sentence?

a) Because it was raining, I stayed inside.
b) I like coffee, and my brother likes tea.
c) I cannot swim, although I want to learn.
d) He went to bed after finishing his homework.
Answer: b) I like coffee, and my brother likes tea.
3. Choose the simple sentence from the options below:
a) I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain.
b) Although she was tired, she finished her project.
c) She enjoys playing tennis.
d) The dog barked loudly, and the cat ran away.
Answer: c) She enjoys playing tennis.

4. Which of the following is a compound-complex sentence?

a) I went to the park, and I saw my friend.
b) If you study hard, you will pass the test, but you must stay focused.
c) He studied hard for the test.
d) After the rain stopped, they went for a run.
Answer: b) If you study hard, you will pass the test, but you must stay
focused.
5. Which sentence is a complex sentence?
a) I love to travel, and I plan to visit many countries.
b) I finished my homework before the movie started.
c) She was late because of the traffic jam.
d) He likes pizza, but she prefers pasta.
Answer: c) She was late because of the traffic jam.
6. Which of the following is a compound sentence?
a) She went to the store to buy groceries.
b) I wanted to go, but I couldn't find my keys.
c) Although it was late, she kept working.
d) After the meeting, we had dinner.
Answer: b) I wanted to go, but I couldn't find my keys.
7. Choose the simple sentence:
a) He studied for hours, and he passed the exam.
b) When the rain stopped, we went outside.
c) She is reading a book.
d) I will clean the room after I finish eating.
Answer: c) She is reading a book.

8. Which of the following is a compound-complex sentence?

a) She enjoys hiking, and he likes swimming.
b) After I finish my project, I will call you, and we can go out.
c) The sun is shining brightly.
d) He was tired, but he stayed awake.
Answer: b) After I finish my project, I will call you, and we can go out.
9. Which sentence is a complex sentence?
a) She left early because she had an appointment.
b) I went to the beach, and I collected seashells.
c) He didn’t study, so he failed the test.
d) I had pizza for dinner, but she had pasta.
Answer: a) She left early because she had an appointment.

10. Which sentence is compound?

a) I watched the movie, and my sister read a book.
b) He was tired, so he took a nap.
c) When the train arrives, we will leave.
d) Since it was cold, we wore jackets.
Answer: a) I watched the movie, and my sister read a book.
III. Sentence Patterns
1 Subject-Verb (SV)

2 Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)

3 Subject-Verb-Complement
(SVC)

4 Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-
Direct Object (SVIODO)
Examples
Subject-Verb (SV)
•She sings.
•The dog barks.
•John ran.
•They laughed.
•The sun rises.

Subject-Verb-Object (SVO)
•She reads books.
•John kicked the ball.
•They ate pizza.
•The teacher explained the lesson.
•I watched a movie.
Examples
Subject-Verb-Complement
•
(SVC)
She is happy.
•The sky became dark.
•He seems tired.
•The cake smells delicious.
•The house looks beautiful.

Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-
Direct Object (SVIODO)
•She gave him a gift.
•John sent his friend an invitation.
•I bought my sister a necklace.
•They told the children a story.
•The teacher showed the students a new book.
Quiz time
Quiz 1: Identify the Sentence Pattern Quiz 2: Choose the Correct Pattern
1.The cat sleeps under the table. 2.The teacher gave the students homework.
a) SV b) SVO a) SV b) SVC
c) SVC d) SVIODO c) SVO d) SVIODO
a) SV d) SVIODO

Quiz 3: Identify the Sentence Type Quiz 4: Match the Sentence to Its Pattern
3.The flowers smell fragrant. 4.She sang a beautiful song.
a) SV b) SVO a) SV b) SVO
c) SVC d) SVIODO c) SVC d) SVIODO
c) SVC b) SVO

Quiz 5: Find the Sentence Pattern Quiz 6: Analyze the Sentence

5.I sent her a postcard from Paris. 6.The room became quiet.
a) SV b) SVO a) SV b) SVO
c) SVC d) SVIODO c) SVC d) SVIODO
d) SVIODO c) SVC
Quiz 7: Select the Correct Answer Quiz 8: Recognize the Pattern
7.He kicked the ball hard. 8.They told us an exciting story.
a) SV a) SV
8.b) SVO 9.b) SVO
c) SVC c) SVC
b) SVO b) SVIODO
9.d) SVIODO 10.d) SVIODO

Quiz 9: Determine the Pattern Quiz 10: Identify the Structure

9.The sky looks beautiful tonight. 10.John reads books every
a) SV evening.
b) SVO a) SV
c) SVC c) SVC b) SVO d) SVO
d) SVIODO c) SVC
d) SVIODO
 IV. Sentence Typ

Declarative Interrogative
Makes a statement Asks a question

Imperative Exclamatory
Gives a command Expresses strong emotion
 Examples
Declarative
Makes a statement

•The sun rises in the east.

•I love reading books on weekends.
•She is working on her science project.
•They went to the park yesterday.
•My brother plays the guitar beautifully.
 Examples
Interrogative
Asks a question

•What is your favorite book?

•Where did you go last weekend?
•Are you coming to the party tonight?
•How can I solve this problem?
•Did you finish your homework?
 Examples
Imperative
Gives a command

•Please close the door.

•Turn off the lights when you leave.
•Bring me a glass of water.
•Don't touch that hot pan!
•Always wear your seatbelt while driving.
 Examples
Exclamatory
Expresses strong emotion

•What a beautiful sunset this is!

•I can't believe we won the game!
•How amazing this place looks!
•Watch out for the car!
•Wow, that cake tastes incredible!
V. Sentence Faults

1
Fragment
Incomplete sentence

2
Run-on
Two sentences joined improperly

3
Comma Splice
Sentences joined incorrectly with comma
 Fragment
Incomplete sentence

Sentence Fragments
A fragment is an incomplete sentence that lacks
a subject, a verb, or both, or it does not express
a complete thought.
•Example of a fragment:
• Incorrect: While I was studying.
• Explanation: This is a dependent clause that
cannot stand alone.
• Corrected: While I was studying, the power
went out.
Example 1
•Fragment: Running through the park on a sunny
day.
• Issue: Lacks a subject or a main verb to
complete the thought.
• Correction: I was running through the park
on a sunny day.
Example 2
•Fragment: Because she was late to the meeting.
• Issue: A dependent clause cannot stand
alone.
• Correction: She missed the important
announcement because she was late to the
meeting.

Example 3
•Fragment: After the heavy rain last night.
• Issue: Does not express a complete thought.
• Correction: After the heavy rain last night,
the roads were flooded.
 Run-on
Two sentences joined improperl

Run-On Sentences
A run-on sentence occurs when two or more
independent clauses are joined without proper
punctuation or a conjunction.
Example of a run-on:
Incorrect: I went to the park it was very
crowded.
Explanation: Two independent clauses are
joined without proper separation.
Corrected: I went to the park, and it was very
crowded.
Example 1
•Run-On Sentence: I love reading books my brother enjoys
playing video games.
• Issue: Two independent clauses are joined without proper
punctuation.
• Correction:
• I love reading books, and my brother enjoys playing
video games.
• OR: I love reading books; my brother enjoys playing
video games.
• OR: I love reading books. My brother enjoys playing
video games

Example 2
•Run-On Sentence: She was tired she went to bed early.
• Issue: Two independent clauses are joined with no
punctuation or conjunction.
• Correction:
• She was tired, so she went to bed early.
• OR: She was tired; she went to bed early.
 Comma Splice
Sentences joined incorrectly
with comma

Comma Splices
A comma splice is a type of run-on sentence where two
independent clauses are incorrectly joined with just a
comma.
Example of a comma splice:
Incorrect: She loves to read, she finishes a book every
week.
Explanation: A comma is not sufficient to separate
independent clauses.
Corrected: She loves to read; she finishes a book every
week.
OR: She loves to read. She finishes a book every week.
1. Wrong: I wanted to go swimming, it started to rain.
Correct: I wanted to go swimming, but it started to rain.
Or: I wanted to go swimming. It started to rain.
2. Wrong: She loves playing tennis, her brother prefers soccer.
Correct: She loves playing tennis, while her brother prefers soccer.
Or: She loves playing tennis. Her brother prefers soccer.
3. Wrong: He studied hard for the test, he didn't pass.
Correct: He studied hard for the test, yet he didn't pass.
Or: He studied hard for the test. He didn't pass.
4. Wrong: The party was fun, we danced all night.
Correct: The party was fun because we danced all night.
Or: The party was fun. We danced all night.
5. Wrong: I have a meeting tomorrow, I need to prepare.
Correct: I have a meeting tomorrow, so I need to prepare.
Or: I have a meeting tomorrow. I need to prepare.
6. Wrong: He loves cooking, she enjoys baking.
Correct: He loves cooking, and she enjoys baking.
Or: He loves cooking. She enjoys baking.
 Thanks a lot.
Do not be envious my KNOWLEDGE
because while you were relaxing happily,
I was studying hardly in class.