Cloud Computing

Definition
• Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of
computing resources (such as storage and
infrastructure), as services over the internet.
• It eliminates the need for individuals and businesses to
self-manage physical resources themselves, and only pay
for what they use.
• The main cloud computing service models include
infrastructure as a service offers compute and storage
services, platform as a service offers a develop-and-
deploy environment to build cloud apps, and software
as a service delivers apps as services.
 Working Mechanism (Cloud Computing)
• Cloud computing service models are based on the concept
of sharing on-demand computing resources, software, and
information over the internet.
• Companies or individuals pay to access a virtual pool of
shared resources, including compute, storage, and
networking services, which are located on remote servers
that are owned and managed by service providers.
• One of the many advantages of cloud computing is that
you only pay for what you use.
• This allows organizations to scale faster and more
efficiently without the burden of having to buy and
maintain their own physical data centers and servers.
• In simpler terms, cloud computing uses a network (most
often, the internet) to connect users to a cloud platform
where they request and access rented computing services.
• A central server handles all the communication between
client devices and servers to facilitate the exchange of
data.
• Security and privacy features are common components to
keep this information secure and safe.
• The flexibility and versatility of the cloud is that it allows
enterprises to quickly adapt to changing markets or
metrics.
Types of Cloud Computing
(Deployment models)
 Deployment models
1. Public cloud
2. Private cloud
3. Hybrid cloud
4. Multi cloud
 1. Public cloud
• Public clouds are run by third-party cloud
service providers.
• They offer compute, storage, and network
resources over the internet, enabling companies
to access shared on-demand resources based on
their unique requirements and business goals.
• A public cloud is a service run by an external
vendor that may include servers in one or
multiple data centers.
 2. Private cloud
• Private clouds are built, managed, and owned
by a single organization and privately hosted
in their own data centers, commonly known
as “on-premises” or “on-prem.”
• They provide greater control, security, and
management of data while still enabling
internal users to benefit from a shared pool of
compute, storage, and network resources.
 3. Hybrid cloud
• Hybrid clouds combine public and private
cloud models, allowing companies to leverage
public cloud services and maintain the security
and compliance capabilities commonly found
in private cloud architectures.
• An organization may use their private cloud for
some services and their public cloud for
others, or they may use the public cloud as
backup for their private cloud.
 4. Multi-cloud
• Multi-cloud is a type of cloud deployment that
involves using multiple public clouds.
• In other words, an organization with a multi-
cloud deployments rents virtual servers and
services from several external vendors- some
analogy like leasing several adjacent plots of
land from different landlords.
• Multi-cloud deployments can also be hybrid
cloud, and vice versa.
Types of Cloud Computing
(Services)
 Cloud Computing Services
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service(SaaS)
4. Function as a Service: (FaaS)
5. Communication as a Service.(CaaS)
 1. Infrastructure as a Service
• It offers on-demand access to IT infrastructure
services, including compute, storage, networking, and
virtualization.
• A company rents the servers and storage they need
from a cloud provider.
• They then use that cloud infrastructure to build their
applications.
• IaaS is like a company leasing a plot of land on which
they can build whatever they want – but they need to
provide their own building equipment and materials.
• IaaS providers include DigitalOcean, Google
compute Engine, and Openstack.
• Formerly, SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS were the three
main models of cloud computing, and
essentially all cloud services fit into one of
these categories.
• However, in recent years a fourth model has
emerged.
 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):
• In this model, companies don’t pay for hosted
applications; instead they pay for the things they need to
build their own applications.
• PaaS vendors offer everything necessary for building an
application, including development tools, infrastructure,
and operating systems, over the internet.
• PaaS can be compared to renting all the tools and
equipment necessary for building a house, instead of
renting the house itself.
• PaaS examples include Heroku and Microsoft Azure
• It offers all the hardware and software
resources needed for cloud application
development.
• With PaaS, companies can focus fully on
application development without the burden
of managing and maintaining the underlying
infrastructure.
 3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Software as a service (SaaS) delivers a full application
stack as a service, from underlying infrastructure to
maintenance and updates to the app software itself.
• A SaaS solution is often an end-user application, where
both the service and the infrastructure is managed
and maintained by the cloud service provider.
• Instead of users installing an application on their
device
• SaaS applications are hosted on cloud servers, and
users access them over the internet.
• SaaS is like renting a house: the landlord
maintains the house, but the tenant mostly
gets to use it as if they owned it.
• Examples of SaaS applications include
Salesforce, MailChimp and Slack.
 4. Function as a Service (FaaS):
• FaaS, also known as serverless computing, breaks
cloud applications down into even smaller
components that they only run when they are
needed.
• Imagine if it were possible to rent a house one little
bit at a time: for instance, the tenant only pays for
the dining room at dinner time, the bedroom while
they are sleeping, the living room while they are
watching TV, and when they are not using those
rooms, they don’t have to pay rent on them.
• FaaS or serverless applications still run on servers, as
do all these models of cloud computing.
• But they are called “serverless” because they do not
run on dedicated machines, and because the
companies building the applications do not have to
manage any servers.
• Also, serverless functions scale up, or duplicate, as
more people use the application – imagine if the
tenant’s dining room could expand on demand when
more people come over for dinner.
Communication as a Service (CaaS)
• Communication as a Service (CaaS) is an
outsourced enterprise communications solution
that can be leased from a single vendor.
• Such communications can include void over IP
(VoIP or internet telephony), instant messaging
(IM), collaboration and videoconference
applications using fixed and mobile devices.
• CaaS has evolved along the same lines as
Software as a Service (SaaS).
• The CaaS vendor is responsible for all hardware
and Software management and offers guaranteed
Quality of Service (QoS).
• CaaS allows businesses to selectively deploy
communications devices and modes on a pay-as-
you-go, as-needed basis.
• CaaS offers flexibility and expandability that small
and medium-sized business might not otherwise
afford, allowing for the addition of devices, modes
or coverage on demand.
• The network capacity and feature set can be
changed from day to day if necessary so that
functionality keeps pace with demand and
resources are not wasted.
• There is no risk of the system becoming
obsolete and requiring periodic major
upgrades or replacement.
 Why it is called ‘the cloud’
• “The cloud” started off as a tech industry slang term.
• In the early days of the internet, technical diagrams often
represented the servers and networking infrastructure that
make up the internet as a cloud.
• As more computing processes moved to this servers-and-
infrastructure part of the internet, people began to talk
about moving to “the cloud” as a shorthand way of
expressing where the computing processes were taking
place.
• Today, “the cloud” is a widely accepted term for this style
of computing.
 What are containers?
• Like virtual machines, containers are a cloud virtualization
technology.
• They are part of the PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) cloud
model.
• Virtualization for containers occurs one abstraction layer up
from where it occurs for virtual machines, at the operating
system level instead of at the kernel level (the kernel is the
foundation of the operating system, and it interacts with
the computer’s hardware).
• Each virtual machine has its own operating system kernel,
but containers on the same machine share the same kernel.
Benefits of Cloud Computing
 Benefits of Cloud Computing
1. Its flexible
2. Its efficient
3. It offers strategic value
4. It’s secure
5. It’s cost-effective
6. Collaboration and Accessibility
7. Automatic Maintenance and Updates
 Properties of Cloud Computing
1. Scalability
2. Disaster recovery
3. Data storage
4. Application development
5. Big data analytics
6. Reliability
7. Physical Security
8. Outsource Management
How cloud computing can help organization
• Cloud computing can give enterprises access to scalable
resources and the latest technologies without needing to worry
about capital expenditures or limited infrastructure.
• Help organization/business to grow.
• Low utilization of existing infrastructure resources.
• The pace of innovation-and the need for advanced computing to
accelerate this growth –makes cloud computing a viable option
to advance research and speed up new product development.
• Cloud computing can give enterprises access to scalable
resources and the latest technologies without needing to worry
about capital expenditures or limited fixed infrastructure.
In what ways cloud can help organization.
• High business growth that outpaces infrastructures
capabilities.
• Low utilization of existing infrastructure resources.
• Large volumes of data that are overwhelming your on-
premises data storage resources.
• Slow response times with on-premises infrastructure.
• Delayed product development cycles due to infrastructure
constraints
• Cash flow challenges due to high computing infrastructure
expenses.
• Highly mobile or distributed user population.
History of Cloud Computing
 Cloud Computing:
• Cloud computing referred as the accessing and
storing of data and provide services related to
computing over the internet.
• It simply referred as it remote services on the
internet manage and access data online rather
than any local drives.
• The data can be anything like images, videos,
audios, documents, files etc.
 Cloud Computing Service providers:

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)

2. Microsoft Azure Cloud Platform
3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
 1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• One of the most successful cloud-based
businesses is Amazon Web Services(AWS),
which is an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
offering that pays rent for virtual computers
on Amazon’s infrastructure.
 2.Microsoft Azure Cloud Platform
• Microsoft is creating the Azure platform which
enables the .NET framework Application to
run over the internet as an alternative
platform for Microsoft developers.
• This is the classic Platform as a Service(PaaS).
 3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP)
• Google has built a worldwide network of data
centers to service its search engine.
• From this service, Google has captured the
world’s advertising revenue.
• By using that revenue, Google offers free
software to users based on infrastructure.
• This is called Software as a Service (SaaS).
 History
• Before computing came into existence, Client Server
Architecture was used where all the data and control of
client resides in Server side.
• If a single user want to access some data, firstly user
need to connect to the server and after that user will
get appropriate access. But it has many disadvantages.
• So, After client server computing, Distributed
Computing was came into existence, in this type of
computing all computers are networked together with
the help of this, user can share their resources when
needed.
• It also has certain limitations. So in order to remove
limitations faced in distributed system, cloud computing
was emerged.
• During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT
that “Computing can be sold as a Utility, like Water and
Electricity.”
• According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But
people at that time don’t want to adopt this technology.
• They though the technology they are using efficient
enough for them.
• So, this concept of computing was not appreciated much
so and very less will research on it.
• But as the time fleet the technology caught the idea
after few years this idea is implemented. So, this is
implemented by Salesforce.com in 1999.
• This company started delivering an enterprise
application over the internet and this way the boom of
Cloud Computing was started.
• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Amazon will provide storage, computation over the
internet.
• In 2006 Amazon will launch Elastic Compute Cloud
Commercial Service which is open for Everybody to use.
• After that is 2009, Google play also started providing Cloud
Computing Enterprise Application as other companies will
see the emergence of cloud computing they also started
providing their cloud services.
• Thus, in 2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure and after
that other companies like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also
introduces their Cloud Services.
• In today the Cloud Computing become very popular and
important skill.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• It is easier to get backup in cloud.
• It allows us easy and quick access stored
information anywhere and anytime.
• It allows us to access data via mobile.
• It reduces both hardware and Software cost,
and it is easily maintainable.
• One of the biggest advantage of cloud
computing is Database Security.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• It requires good internet connection.
• User have limited control on the data.
Evolution of Cloud Computing
 Important tech. in evolution of Cloud.

1. Distributed System.
2. Mainframe computing
3. Cluster computing
4. Grid computing
5. Virtualization
6. Web 2.0.
7. Service orientation
8. Utility computing.
 1. Distributed Systems:
• It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of
them are depicted as a single entity to the users.
• The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also
use them effectively and efficiently.
• Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability,
concurrency, continuous availability, heterogeneity, and
independence in failures.
• But the main problem with this system was that all the systems
were required to be present at the same geographical location.
• Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three
more types of computing and they were-Mainframe computing,
cluster computing, and grid computing.
 2. Mainframe Computing:
• Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are
highly powerful and reliable computing machines.
• These are responsible for handling large data such as
massive input-output operations.
• Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as
online transactions etc.
• These systems have almost no downtime with high fault
tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased the
processing capabilities of the system.
• But these were very expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster
computing came as an alternative to mainframe technology.
 3. Cluster computing:
• In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to
mainframe computing. Each machine in the cluster was
connected to each other by a network with high
bandwidth.
• These were way cheaper than those mainframe systems.
These were equally capable of high computations.
• Also, new nodes could easily be added to the cluster if it
was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved
to some extent but the problem related to geographical
restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the concept of
grid computing was introduced.
 4. Grid computing:
• In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It
means that different systems were placed at entirely different
geographical locations and these all were connected via the
internet.
• These systems belonged to different organizations and thus
the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it solved
some problems but new problems emerged as the distance
between the nodes increased.
• The main problem which was encountered was the low
availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other
network associated issues. Thus. cloud computing is often
referred to as “Successor of grid computing”.
 5. Virtualization:
• It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to
the process of creating a virtual layer over the
hardware which allows the user to run multiple
instances simultaneously on the hardware.
• It is a key technology used in cloud computing. It is
the base on which major cloud computing services
such as Amazon EC2, VMware vCloud, etc work on.
• Hardware virtualization is still one of the most
common types of virtualization.
 6. Web 2.0:
• It is the interface through which the cloud
computing services interact with the clients. It is
because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and
dynamic web pages.
• It also increases flexibility among web pages.
Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps,
Facebook, Twitter, etc. Needless to say, social
media is possible because of this technology only.
• It gained major popularity in 2004.
 7. Service Orientation:
• It acts as a reference model for cloud
computing. It supports low-cost, flexible, and
evolvable applications. Two important
concepts were introduced in this computing
model. These were Quality of Service (QoS)
which also includes the SLA (Service Level
Agreement) and Software as a Service (SaaS).
 8. Utility computing:
• It is a computing model that defines service
provisioning techniques for services such as
compute services along with other major
services such as storage, infrastructure, etc
which are provisioned on a pay-per-use basis.
• Thus, the above technologies contributed to
the making of cloud computing.
THE END